“…The longitudinal and transverse stresses are reduced but normal stress is increased using water assist, and the effects for case 3 are more significant. Combining these thermal stress statuses with water-assisted melting results in reports [19,21], besides to the improved stress distributions, finer micro-structure and lower friction coefficient as well as higher micro-hardness can be obtained in the melted zone, which are correlated to the improvements in mechanical properties.…”