Effect of mechanical bruises on optical properties of mature peaches in the near-infrared wavelength range

Gao, Mengjie; Cheng, Jingliang; Zhou, Yihang; Zhu, Xinhua

doi:10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2021.09.002

Cited by 12 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Two measurements were taken on each cheek of the peach and averaged together. Depending on cultivar at commercial harvest, values for firmness fall between 2.75 and 7 kg [42,[44][45][46]. Peaches used in our study ranged between 5.5 and 7.5 kg.…”

Section: Peach Quality Metrics For Distribution Simulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…SSC, measured as the sugar content per 100 g solution, has been shown to increase with storage time but decrease with incidence of bruising. We measured a representative sample of five peaches prior to testing and every peach after testing to see if the distribution simulation inputs would have an effect on the SSC content [24,44]. SSC of flesh peaches in all package types decreased from the pretest value at the 0-h time measurement with no statistical differences observed between package types.…”

Section: Sscmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Effect of Packaging Types on Fresh Peaches in the Direct‐To‐Consumer Environment: Distribution Testing, Life Cycle Assessment and Economic Impact

Lytle,

Batt,

Hurley

et al. 2024

Packag Technol Sci

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The direct‐to‐consumer (D2C) shipping mode presents new opportunity for fresh peach sales in North America where demand over the past four decades has steadily declined. The hazards in this distribution mode are severe, and fresh peaches are fragile emphasizing the need for proper protection. A full analysis that not only encompasses the effects of the D2C distribution environment but also incorporates analyses of the environmental and economic impact of the packages utilized for transit of peaches is necessary. In this study, we use the metrics of peach grade, firmness, soluble solids concentration and percent softness before and after the distribution simulation to compare the protective performance of six DTC packaging systems. All six packages consist of a single layer corrugated box with varying primary packaging. A life cycle analysis of each package system is performed as well as an economic analysis on the packaged materials and cost to ship. We conclude that peach damage in shock testing is related to the freedom of movement that peaches have within each package type and varies by package system. All the package types evaluated amplify input vibration in the frequency range commonly associated with the input from the tires of truck‐trailer systems. There are no statistical differences between package systems in the distribution simulation of the six package types except in peach softness and grade of melting flesh peaches. Finally, we found that a reduction in material use and change in format, that is, foam sheets to foam netting, provides for sufficient peach protection while reducing environmental and economic impact.

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Section: Peach Quality Metrics For Distribution Simulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sscmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Packaging Types on Fresh Peaches in the Direct‐To‐Consumer Environment: Distribution Testing, Life Cycle Assessment and Economic Impact

Lytle,

Batt,

Hurley

et al. 2024

Packag Technol Sci

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show abstract

“…Several studies, including hyperspectral imaging and near-infrared spectroscopy, have been reported for bruising detection [8][9][10][11]. These optical techniques detect and evaluate changes or differences in optical properties (i.e., reflection or transmission of light) between normal and bruised tissues.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Examination of Lemon Bruising Using Different CNN-Based Classifiers and Local Spectral-Spatial Hyperspectral Imaging

et al. 2023

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The presence of bruises on fruits often indicates cell damage, which can lead to a decrease in the ability of the peel to keep oxygen away from the fruits, and as a result, oxygen breaks down cell walls and membranes damaging fruit content. When chemicals in the fruit are oxidized by enzymes such as polyphenol oxidase, the chemical reaction produces an undesirable and apparent brown color effect, among others. Early detection of bruising prevents low-quality fruit from entering the consumer market. Hereupon, the present paper aims at early identification of bruised lemon fruits using 3D-convolutional neural networks (3D-CNN) via a local spectral-spatial hyperspectral imaging technique, which takes into account adjacent image pixel information in both the frequency (wavelength) and spatial domains of a 3D-tensor hyperspectral image of input lemon fruits. A total of 70 sound lemons were picked up from orchards. First, all fruits were labeled and the hyperspectral images (wavelength range 400–1100 nm) were captured as belonging to the healthy (unbruised) class (class label 0). Next, bruising was applied to each lemon by freefall. Then, the hyperspectral images of all bruised samples were captured in a time gap of 8 (class label 1) and 16 h (class label 2) after bruising was induced, thus resulting in a 3-class ternary classification problem. Four well-known 3D-CNN model namely ResNet, ShuffleNet, DenseNet, and MobileNet were used to classify bruised lemons in Python. Results revealed that the highest classification accuracy (90.47%) was obtained by the ResNet model, followed by DenseNet (85.71%), ShuffleNet (80.95%) and MobileNet (73.80%); all over the test set. ResNet model had larger parameter sizes, but it was proven to be trained faster than other models with fewer number of free parameters. ShuffleNet and MobileNet were easier to train and they needed less storage, but they could not achieve a classification error as low as the other two counterparts.

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“…With technology continually improving, more and more detection techniques are used to detect defects of fruits, such as biospeckle, 4,5 machine vision, 6,7 near-infrared spectroscopy, 8,9 thermal imaging, 10,11 structured light, 12,13 and hyperspectral imaging techniques. 14,15 Among these techniques, hyperspectral imaging technology has been widely used in fruit defect detection due to the advantage of the combination of spectroscopy and optical imaging.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of the storage time of light bruises in yellow peaches based on spectrum and texture features of hyperspectral image

Li,

Zou,

Yin

et al. 2023

Journal of Chemometrics

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Yellow peaches are soft, and they bruise easily; the bruised areas of them are prone to breed bacteria and molds, so the consumption and the safety of related products of yellow peaches are affected by the difference in the storage time of light bruises in them. In order to accurately distinguish of the storage time of light bruises in yellow peaches, the spectra of the sample bruised region were combined with texture features extracted based on gray‐level co‐occurrence matrix (GLCM), and the deep learning algorithm was used for modeling. A total of 80 samples were prepared in the experiment, and the hyperspectral images of them were acquired at four time periods (2, 8, 24, and 48 h), and the reflection spectral data as well as the texture features of the bruised samples were extracted from the hyperspectral images. First, the random forest (RF) and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) models were built based on spectral, texture, and spectral features combined with texture features (Feature Fusion 1), respectively, and the best model discrimination was the RF model under Feature Fusion 1, with an overall accuracy of 98.33%. In order to remove the redundant information of spectrum, the UVE and CARS algorithms were used to screen the normalized spectral feature data, and then, the texture features were combined again (Feature Fusion 2), and the RF and XGBoost models were built. The results show that the optimal model for distinguishing the storage time of yellow peaches after bruising is the RF model under Feature Fusion 2 (CARS), with an overall accuracy of 98.33%. In summary, this study shows that spectral features combined with texture features can be used to effectively improve the model's discrimination of storage time after bruising of yellow peaches, and it also provides a certain theoretical basis for hyperspectral imaging technology to discriminate storage time after bruising of fruits.

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Effect of mechanical bruises on optical properties of mature peaches in the near-infrared wavelength range

Cited by 12 publications

References 33 publications

The Effect of Packaging Types on Fresh Peaches in the Direct‐To‐Consumer Environment: Distribution Testing, Life Cycle Assessment and Economic Impact

The Effect of Packaging Types on Fresh Peaches in the Direct‐To‐Consumer Environment: Distribution Testing, Life Cycle Assessment and Economic Impact

Examination of Lemon Bruising Using Different CNN-Based Classifiers and Local Spectral-Spatial Hyperspectral Imaging

Detection of the storage time of light bruises in yellow peaches based on spectrum and texture features of hyperspectral image

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