Effect of Mechanical Activation on Ti3AlC2 Max Phase Formation under Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis

Potanin, A. Yu.; Логинов, П.А.; Левашов, Е. А.; Pogozhev, Yu. S.; Пацерa, Е. И.; Кочетов, Н. А.

doi:10.18321/ectj249

Cited by 21 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Ti2AlC bulk pellets obtained via the SHS/PHIP approach comprise plate-like grains of Ti2AlC with a nano- Cleavage planes typical to the MAX phases were observed in the fracture of the Ti-Al-C system, which turned into rod-like crystals after etching [12]. Ti 3 AlC 2 grains were found to consist of a few superimposed layers, being approximately 0.5 µm in thickness [15]. Up to 16 wt.% circular TiC grains with particles of 3 µm in size were found in the Ti 3 AlC 2 terraced structure (Figure 2c).…”

Section: Crystal Structure and Microstructure Evolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The optimal duration of MA in terms of the maximum heat release was determined as 3 min. It was shown that MA increases the TiC content, while the usage of TiH 2 increases the content of the Ti 3 AlC 2 MAX phase after SHS [15,16]. Mechanochemical synthesis of the Ti 3 AlC 2 MAX phases, which was initiated following an 8.33 h milling time of the elements under the stoichiometric ratio, led to the formation of the Ti 2 AlC 2 and Ti 3 AlC 2 /TiC samples [16,17].…”

Section: Shs From Elementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As previously implied, there are procedures which not only use elemental powders, but also use compounds or their mixtures (Supplementary Table S1). The influence of Al 4 C 3 , titanium aluminides, and titanium hydride was deduced by the authors in [15,43]. A TiAl and C mixture was combusted in 1 atm Ar after 6 h milling.…”

Section: Shs From Elements and Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Copyright 2009, Elsevier (c) Fracture microstructure of the material synthesized from the MA raw mixture using force SHS-pressing. Reproduced with permission [15]. Copyright 2015, Springer (d) SEM image of Ti2AlC obtained from the elements during the cooling stage of the solid-liquid interaction.…”

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Combustion Synthesis of MAX Phases: Microstructure and Properties Inherited from the Processing Pathway

Aydinyan

2023

Crystals

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The MAX phases exhibit outstanding combination of strength and ductility which are unique features of both metals and ceramics. The preparation of pure MAX phases has been challenging due to the thermodynamic auspiciousness of intermetallic formation in the ternary systems. This review demonstrates the power of the self-propagating, high-temperature synthesis method, delivers the main findings of the combustion synthesis optimization of the MAX phases, and reveals the influence of the combustion wave on the microstructure features thereof. The possibility of using elements and binary compounds as precursors, oxidizers, and diluents to control the exothermicity was comparatively analyzed from the point of view of the final composition and microstructure in the following systems: Ti-Al-C, Ti-V-Al-C, Cr-V-Al-C, Ti-Cr-Al-C, Ti-Nb-Al-C, Ti-Al-Si-C, Ti-Al-Sn-C, Ti-Al-N, Ti-Al-C-N, Ti-Al-B, Ti-Si-B, Ti-Si-C, Nb-Al-C, Cr-Al-C, Cr-Mn-Al-C, V-Al-C, Cr-V-Al-C, Ta-Al-C, Zr-S-C, Cr-Ga-C, Zr-Al-C, and Mo-Al-C, respectively. The influence of sample preparation (including the processes of preheating, mechanical activation, and microwave heating, sample geometry, porosity, and cold pressing) accompanied with the heating and cooling rates and the ambient gas pressure on the combustion parameters was deduced. The combustion preparation of the MAX phases was then summarized in chronological order. Further improvements of the synthesis conditions, along with recommendations for the products quality and microstructure control were given. The comparison of the mechanical properties of the MAX phases prepared by different approaches was illustrated wherever relevant.

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Section: Crystal Structure and Microstructure Evolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Shs From Elementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Shs From Elements and Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Combustion Synthesis of MAX Phases: Microstructure and Properties Inherited from the Processing Pathway

Aydinyan

2023

Crystals

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“…The suitability of Ti 2 AlC as a healing agent in alumina is in line with the generalized 6‐point selection process for healing agents in inert oxide ceramics presented in ref. : (i) Ti 2 AlC has sufficient high melting temperature of 1625°C making it sinterable, (ii) it expands with a relative volume expansion of about 57% upon formation of its oxides, and (iii) its coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) is 8.2 × 10 −6 K −1 , this is, comparable to that of alumina which ranges between 7.1 and 8.3 × 10 −6 K −1 , therefore only mild thermal stresses generate upon cooling from the sintering temperature. After annealing the Ti 2 AlC healing particles under appropriate conditions, both TiO 2 and Al 2 O 3 are formed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Autonomous high‐temperature healing of surface cracks in Al₂O₃ containing Ti₂AlC particles

et al. 2018

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In this work, the oxidation-induced crack healing of Al 2 O 3 containing 20 vol.% of Ti 2 AlC MAX phase inclusions as healing particles was studied. The oxidation kinetics of the Ti 2 AlC particles having an average diameter of about 10 lm was studied via thermogravimetry and/or differential thermal analysis. Surface cracks of about 80 lm long and 0.5 lm wide were introduced into the composite by Vickers indentation. After annealing in air at high temperatures, the cracks were filled with stable oxides of Ti and Al as a result of the decomposition of the Ti 2 AlC particles. Crack healing was studied at 800, 900, and 1000°C for 0.25, 1, 4, and 16 hours, and the strength recovery was measured by 4-point bending. Upon indentation, the bending strength of the samples dropped by about 50% from 402 AE 35 to 229 AE 14 MPa. This bending strength increased to about 90% of the undamaged material after annealing at 1000°C for just 15 minutes, while full strength was recovered after annealing for 1 hour. As the healing temperature was reduced to 900 and 800°C, the time required for full-strength recovery increased to 4 and 16 hours, respectively. The initial bending strength and the fracture toughness of the composite material were found to be about 19% lower and 20% higher than monolithic alumina, respectively, making this material an attractive substitute for monolithic alumina used in high-temperature applications. K E Y W O R D Salumina, MAX phase, oxidation kinetics, self-healing, Ti 2 AlC | INTRODUCTIONSintered alumina is an attractive material for high-temperature applications due to its heat, corrosion, and wear resistance. 1,2The strength and hardness of this material is maintained up to high temperatures.3 However, the brittle nature of Al 2 O 3 results in a poor damage tolerance and hence limits its use. 4Small cracks or defects can readily lead to abrupt fracture; however, autonomous repair of small crack damage may postpone or even mitigate failure. It has been reported that crack damage in alumina can be healed by high-temperature oxidation of dispersed SiC particles. [5][6][7][8][9][10] Recently, it has also been shown that dispersed TiC particles can effectively heal cracks in alumina 11,12 by the formation of TiO 2 and even require much lower oxidation temperatures than SiC particles. Ideally, in an Al 2 O 3 , matrix cracks should be healed by Al 2 O 3 forming healing particles such as Al, but this is not feasible due to its low-melting temperature of 660°C. 13 Hence, thisThis is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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The purity evolution of Ti₃AlC₂ MAX phase synthesized by mechanochemical route: The effect of Al content and high‐temperature annealing

Shahin,

Heidarpour,

Kazemi

2023

Engineering Reports

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This study explores the effects of excess Al and annealing at high temperature on the purity of Ti3AlC2 MAX phase synthesized by the mechanochemical route. In this regard, a constant stoichiometric ratio of Ti: Al: C = 3: 1: 2 along with three blends of nonstoichiometric ratios with excess Al (Ti: Al: C = 3: X: 2, X = 1.1, 1.2, and 1.5) were ball milled. Then, to examine the annealing at high‐temperature effects, the compacted ball‐milled powders were heated at 900 and 1200°C for 1 h. The phase identification revealed that 10 h of ball milling caused a reaction between the elemental powders, and Ti3AlC2 and TiC were formed. The mechanism of the reaction during the high‐energy ball milling process is assigned to a mechanically induced self‐propagating reaction. Addition of excess Al to primary powders caused to increase the purity of Ti3AlC2 significantly. Furthermore, annealing at high temperature leading to complete reactions of the ball‐milled powders and increased Ti3AlC2 purity. The maximum Ti3AlC2 content of 88% was obtained of initial powder of Ti: Al: C = 3: 1.2: 2 ratio after annealing at 1200°C.

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Effect of Mechanical Activation on Ti3AlC2 Max Phase Formation under Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis

Cited by 21 publications

References 29 publications

Combustion Synthesis of MAX Phases: Microstructure and Properties Inherited from the Processing Pathway

Combustion Synthesis of MAX Phases: Microstructure and Properties Inherited from the Processing Pathway

Autonomous high‐temperature healing of surface cracks in Al₂O₃ containing Ti₂AlC particles

The purity evolution of Ti₃AlC₂ MAX phase synthesized by mechanochemical route: The effect of Al content and high‐temperature annealing

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Effect of Mechanical Activation on Ti3AlC2 Max Phase Formation under Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis

Cited by 21 publications

References 29 publications

Combustion Synthesis of MAX Phases: Microstructure and Properties Inherited from the Processing Pathway

Combustion Synthesis of MAX Phases: Microstructure and Properties Inherited from the Processing Pathway

Autonomous high‐temperature healing of surface cracks in Al2O3 containing Ti2AlC particles

The purity evolution of Ti3AlC2 MAX phase synthesized by mechanochemical route: The effect of Al content and high‐temperature annealing

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Autonomous high‐temperature healing of surface cracks in Al₂O₃ containing Ti₂AlC particles

The purity evolution of Ti₃AlC₂ MAX phase synthesized by mechanochemical route: The effect of Al content and high‐temperature annealing