Effect of Meal Frequency in Schoolchildren

Fábry, P.; Hejda, S; C̆erný, K.; Osancová, K; Pechar, J; Zvolánková, K

doi:10.1093/ajcn/18.5.358

Cited by 77 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Similar risk factors have been also demonstrated by other studies. (25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35) In the present study, as the number of meals consumed per day increased, so did the obesity prevalence, but this increase did not reach statistical significance (p=0.055).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 79%

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Prevalence and correlates of obesity in Turkish school children aged 6-12 years

Sağlam

Tarım²

2008

JCRPE

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Background and objectives: The prevalence of childhood obesity has been dramatically increasing worldwide. This study was performed to examine the prevalence and etiological factors of obesity in children aged 6−12 years and to investigate the relative contribution of exogenous factors with respect to sociodemographic data.Methods: A total of 5368 children aged 6−12 years in eight urban elementary schools located in Bursa, the fourth largest city of Turkey, were included in this cross−sectional study. A dietary record for three days and a questionnaire for the assessment of socio−economic and demographic parameters were completed by the parents at home. The height and weight of the children were measured and relative weight and body mass index (BMI) were calculated.Results: The prevalence of overweight, obesity and severe obesity according to BMI were 12.4%, 7.8% and 2.2%, respectively. The female/male ratio among obese children was 1.24. Eighty percent of obese children had one or both parents obese. Age, gender, presence of obesity in parents, higher educational level of the parents, consumption of soft beverages such as soda and juice, physical activity level and higher income of the family were found as the contributing factors to obesity.Conclusion: The prevalence of obesity is increasing in Turkey in parallel to the trend in many countries. There are consistent and predictable sociodemographic parameters that are associated with or may impose a risk factor for obesity. Identification of these risk factors will provide areas to target in the prevention and management of this common problem.Conflict of interest:None declared.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 79%

“…However, this result must be interpreted carefully, because dividing the total daily calories into small portions throughout the day is actually an effective means of controlling weight gain. (34, 35, 36)On the other hand, we think that in our subjects more frequent feeding probably increased the total amount of calories.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 55%

Prevalence and correlates of obesity in Turkish school children aged 6-12 years

Sağlam

Tarım²

2008

JCRPE

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“…In particular, people who habitually eat snacks between meals have increased body mass index (McCrory, Suen & Roberts, 2002). In contrast, other reports suggest that large meals and/or low frequency of feeding leads to more efficient energy utilization than a high frequency of feeding, also known as grazing (Fabry et al, 1966; Kanarek, 1997; Parks & McCrory, 2005). Given the apparent and procedural differences among these human studies, we developed a protocol to investigate whether mice can adjust their total daily intake to different experimentally-imposed meal frequencies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Effects of meal frequency and snacking on food demand in mice

Atalayer

Rowland

2012

Appetite

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Ad libitum feeding patterns in mice show substantial differences between laboratories, in addition to large individual and time-of-day differences. In the present study, we examine how mice work for food when access to food is temporally restricted and so they are forced to take discrete meals. In a first experiment, separate groups of ICR:CD1 mice were given access to food for 4, 8 or 16 opportunities or meals per day, with the duration of access at each opportunity adjusted reciprocally so that the total time of availability was 160 min per day in all three conditions. During the periods of availability, mice were able to earn food pellets by nose poke responses, according to an incrementing series of fixed unit prices (FUP: 2,5,10,25) with each schedule in force for 3-4 days. Total food intake was similar in all three groups, indicating that mice generally were able to adjust their intake to a range of temporal availabilities. In each group, food demand fell as FUP increased. In the 8 and 16 meal groups, no food was eaten in many of the opportunities. Within an opportunity, the rate of intake generally declined with time, indicative of satiation. At low FUPs, later opportunities in each day were associated with smaller meals than earlier opportunities; in contrast, at high FUPs the first opportunity was also a small meal. Collectively, these results show that mice eat less at higher costs but not because of time constraints of the schedule: instead, they exhibit an elective anorexia. In the second experiment, we examined whether snacking between imposed meals would affect subsequent meal(s). Mice were adapted to the foregoing 8 opportunity protocol. Then, half the mice received free snacks of sugar cubes after the 3rd, 4th and 5th meal opportunities and the intakes of sugar and pellets were examined at low and high unit costs for pellets (FUP 2 and 25). At FUP2, mice decreased demand for pellets and compensated energetically for the sugar they consumed. At FUP25, mice also decreased demand, but by less than the energy obtained from sugar. These data show that choice for pellets over a free palatable snack, and subsequent compensation of energy intake, is modified by effort and demand.

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“…Fabry and co-workers reported that eating small frequent meals (nibbling) was strongly associated with lower body weight than eating large few meals (gorging) (Fabry et al, 1964, 1966; Hejda & Fabry, 1964). But, the inverse relationship between meal frequency and body weight has not been consistently found in recent other studies in population studies (Charzewska et al, 1981; Dreon et al, 1988; Edelstein et al, 1992; Metzner et al, 1977; Summerbell, 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acculturation, meal frequency, eating-out, and body weight in Korean Americans

Lee

2008

Nutr Res Pract

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Consuming regular meals has been studied in relation to better health, while higher regularity of eating-out has been linked to obesity. This study examined whether acculturation was associated with regularity of meals, eating-out, and overweight in Korean Americans. Pre-tested questionnaires were mailed to a U.S. national sample with Korean American surnames, and 55% of the deliverable sample responded, producing 356 usable questionnaires. Acculturation was measured using a two-culture matrix model and Gordon's theoretical work, and showed there were three distinct groups (acculturated, bicultural, and traditional). Only 36% reported that they regularly ate three meals a day. Breakfast was the least frequent meal of the day with 43% reporting eating breakfast everyday. More than half (58%) reported that they usually eat out or get take-out food at least once a week. After controlling for age, sex, income, education, and working status, higher acculturation was related to greater regularity of eating-out, but not meal regularity. A total of 28% of men and 6% of women were overweight (BMI>25), and there were significant and positive relationships between body weight status and acculturation in men but not women. However, no significant relationships between frequency of meals and eating-out and overweight status were present. This study did not find significant relationships of meal regularity and eating-out with body weight, however, given the positive relationship between acculturation and eating-out among the subjects and the well-established relationship between eating-out and obesity, nutrition education about skipping meals and eating-for Korean Americans may be useful to prevent such relationships from developing.

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Effect of Meal Frequency in Schoolchildren

Cited by 77 publications

References 8 publications

Prevalence and correlates of obesity in Turkish school children aged 6-12 years

Prevalence and correlates of obesity in Turkish school children aged 6-12 years

Effects of meal frequency and snacking on food demand in mice

Acculturation, meal frequency, eating-out, and body weight in Korean Americans

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