Effect of lunch with different calorie and nutrient balances on dinner-induced postprandial glucose variability

Abstract

Aim This study aimed to examine the effect of lunches with different caloric contents (Study 1) and nutrient balances (Study 2) on dinner-induced postprandial glucose fluctuation. Methods Energy trial (Study 1): Thirteen healthy young participants (n = 10 men, n = 3 women) were investigated to determine the effects of different caloric intakes at lunch on glucose level variability. The study was comprised of four trials (no lunch, low lunch, standard lunch, and high-energy lunch). Energy balance trial (Study 2): Fourteen healthy young adults (n = 8 men, n = 6 women) were investigated to determine the effect of different nutrient balances during lunch on glucose level variability. The study consisted of four trials (standard, protein-rich, fat-rich, and carbohydrate-rich). In studies 1 and 2, each trial was spaced at least 24 full hours apart, and breakfast and dinner were tested as meals. The mealtimes for each trial were then aligned. Continuous glucose monitoring was used to assess the blood glucose fluctuations. Results Study 1: The no-lunch (95% CI 95.5–149.7) and low-energy lunch (95% CI 90.8–143.1) trials had significantly higher values in the incremental area under the curve (iAUC) of postprandial blood glucose at dinner compared to the standard (95% CI 55.4–90.0) and high-energy lunch (95% CI 29.3–54.6) trials (P = 0.006, P = 0.001 vs. none), (P = 0.004, P = 0.001 vs. low-energy trial). Study 2: A significantly higher postprandial blood glucose iAUC for dinner was found in the fat-rich trial (95% CI 58.5–114.0) than that in the protein-rich (95% CI 25.6–63.9) and standard (95% CI 25.6–112.4) trials, (P = 0.006, P = 0.035 vs. fat-rich trial). Conclusions Our findings indicate that skipping lunch and low-calorie or high-lipid intake increased postprandial blood glucose levels after dinner.

Effects of intake of four types of snack with different timings on postprandial glucose levels after dinner

“…In a study examining the second-meal effect on pre-diabetic subjects consuming 18 g of soybean powder, it was proposed that the test food should be consumed 30 min before the meal [ 36 ]. In our recent papers, we demonstrated that a high-protein breakfast or lunch results in a second-meal effect on dinner time [ 37 , 38 ]. Although the mechanism of protein-rich food on the second-meal effect remains unknown, consumption of a protein-rich snack—similarly to consumption of a protein-rich breakfast and lunch—before dinner may help in reducing the rapid postprandial increase in blood glucose.…”

Effect of a High Protein Diet at Breakfast on Postprandial Glucose Level at Dinner Time in Healthy Adults

“…However, with protein, the second meal effect usually suppresses the postprandial glucose level [ 10 , 11 ]. A previous study showed that high protein lunch could suppress the dinner postprandial glucose level [ 12 ]. Therefore, when thinking about changing the PFC balance to control the postprandial glucose level, raising the protein ratio may be a better choice.…”

“…Sedentary work at home may lead to a lack of hunger and desire for lunch, thus prolonging the starvation time inadvertently. However, postprandial blood glucose is known to increase after long starvation [ 12 ]. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to examine if skipping or serving a small portion of meal for lunch could affect the postprandial glucose levels at dinner.…”