Effect of Loxosceles gaucho venom on cell morphology and behaviour in vitro in the presence and absence of sphingomyelin

Domingos, Marta O.; Tynan, W; Barbaro, Kátia Cristina; Penny, Jeffrey; Lewis, David J. M.; New, R. R. C.

doi:10.1016/s0041-0101(03)00199-5

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Subsequently, the release of ceramide 1-phosphate (C1P) can proceed to a pro-in ammatory mediator which can regulate the TNF-α and recruit neutrophils 7,10 . This enzyme is mainly responsible for dermonecrotic lesions, and these reactions are involved in components of the complement activation, migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, platelets aggregation and in ammatory response 11 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification, classification and characterization of the dermonecrotic toxins in venom glands of Hottentotta saulcyi, Androctonus crassicauda and Hemiscorpius lepturus using transcriptome analysis

Baradaran

Salabi

2023

Preprint

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Venom phospholipase D (PLDs), known as dermonecrotic toxins, are the major molecules in the crude venom of scorpions that are mainly responsible for lethality and dermonecrotic lesions during scorpion envenoming. The purpose of this study was fourfold: First to identify transcripts coding for venom dermonecrotic toxin by transcriptomic analysis of the venom from Androctonus crassicauda, Hottentotta saulcyi, and Hemiscorpius lepturus; second to classify them by sequence similarity to known PLDs and motif extraction method; third to characterize scorpion PLDs; and fourth to investigate phylogenetic relationships of the PLD proteins. This is the first report of the presence of dermonecrotic toxin sequence in A. crassicauda and H. saulcyi venom. We found that the venom gland of scorpions encodes two PLD isoforms; PLD1 ScoTox-beta and PLD2 ScoTox-alpha I. Two highly conserved regions shared by all PLDs beta are GAN and HPCDC (HX2PCDC), and the most important conserved regions shared by all PLDs alpha are two copies of the HKDG (HxKx4Dx6G) motif. We found that PLD1 is a 31–43 kDa acidic protein containing signal sequences and PLD2 is a 128 kDa basic protein without known signal sequences. The gene structures of PLD1 and PLD2 contain 6 and 21 exons respectively.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification, classification and characterization of the dermonecrotic toxins in venom glands of Hottentotta saulcyi, Androctonus crassicauda and Hemiscorpius lepturus using transcriptome analysis

Baradaran

Salabi

2023

Preprint

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“…Subsequently, the release of ceramide 1-phosphate (C1P) can proceed to a pro-inflammatory mediator, which can regulate the TNF-α and recruit neutrophils [ 10 , 11 ]. This enzyme is mainly responsible for dermonecrotic lesions, and these reactions are involved in components of the complement activation, migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, platelets aggregation, and inflammatory response [ 12 ]. Due to these biochemical characteristics of PLD enzymes of Loxosceles venom, the names sphingomyelinase D (SMase D) or dermoncrotic toxin have been widely used by toxicologists.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome-wide identification, structural homology analysis, and evolutionary diversification of the phospholipase D gene family in the venom gland of three scorpion species

Baradaran,

Salabi

2023

BMC Genomics

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Background Venom phospholipase D (PLDs), dermonecrotic toxins like, are the major molecules in the crude venom of scorpions, which are mainly responsible for lethality and dermonecrotic lesions during scorpion envenoming. The purpose of this study was fivefold: First, to identify transcripts coding for venom PLDs by transcriptomic analysis of the venom glands from Androctonus crassicauda, Hottentotta saulcyi, and Hemiscorpius lepturus; second, to classify them by sequence similarity to known PLDs and motif extraction method; third, to characterize scorpion PLDs; fourth to structural homology analysis with known dermonecrotic toxins; and fifth to investigate phylogenetic relationships of the PLD proteins. Results We found that the venom gland of scorpions encodes two PLD isoforms: PLD1 ScoTox-beta and PLD2 ScoTox-alpha I. Two highly conserved regions shared by all PLD1s beta are GAN and HPCDC (HX2PCDC), and the most important conserved regions shared by all PLD2s alpha are two copies of the HKDG (HxKx4Dx6G) motif. We found that PLD1 beta is a 31–43 kDa acidic protein containing signal sequences, and PLD2 alpha is a 128 kDa basic protein without known signal sequences. The gene structures of PLD1 beta and PLD2 alpha contain 6 and 21 exons, respectively. Significant structural homology and similarities were found between the modeled PLD1 ScoTox-beta and the crystal structure of dermonecrotic toxins from Loxosceles intermedia. Conclusions This is the first report on identifying PLDs from A. crassicauda and H. saulcyi venom glands. Our work provides valuable insights into the diversity of scorpion PLD genes and could be helpful in future studies on recombinant antivenoms production.

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Sponge implant in Swiss mice as a model for studying loxoscelism

Pereira¹,

Campos

Socarras

et al. 2012

Toxicon

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Envenomation by Loxosceles spider bite leads to a set of signs and symptoms, called loxoscelism, which in most cases manifests through the dermonecrotic frame. The development of a smaller size animal model, of easy handling and maintenance, and lower cost is needed to study the loxoscelism pathogenesis. The inflammatory effects of the Loxosceles similis crude venom was evaluated considering neutrophil and macrophage activation, vasodilatation, hyperhaemia, edema and hemorrhage and TNF-α and VEGF production using the murine sponge implant model. Thirty two male Swiss mice (6-8 weeks old) were implanted subcutaneously with polyether-polyurethane sponge discs. Fourteen days post implantation, animals were separated into two groups: (1) control group--16 mice received 30 μL of saline intra-implant; (2) treated group-sixteen mice injected with 0.5 μg/30 μL of L. similis crude venom intra-implant. The animals were euthanized with xylazine/ketamine after 1 and 4 h post- injection. Microscopically, implants of the treated groups presented an acute inflammation characterized by: neutrophilic infiltrate, edema, vasodilatation hyperhaemia, and severe hemorrhage. Some vessels presented ruptured walls. Under morphometric analysis, vessel area was bigger in the treated groups compared with the control ones. The biochemical parameters, hemoglobin content, inflammatory enzyme activities (myeloperoxidase and n-acethyl-β-D glucosaminidase) and levels of the cytokines, TNF-α and VEGF, were also significantly higher in the venom-treated groups. The effects of Loxosceles venom in the granulation tissue of the implant in mice were similar to those observed in cutaneous loxoscelism in other species (human and rabbits). Consequently, the murine sponge implant model provides a new method to investigate cellular/molecular mechanisms associated with cutaneous loxoscelism.

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Effect of Loxosceles gaucho venom on cell morphology and behaviour in vitro in the presence and absence of sphingomyelin

Cited by 5 publications

References 13 publications

Identification, classification and characterization of the dermonecrotic toxins in venom glands of Hottentotta saulcyi, Androctonus crassicauda and Hemiscorpius lepturus using transcriptome analysis

Identification, classification and characterization of the dermonecrotic toxins in venom glands of Hottentotta saulcyi, Androctonus crassicauda and Hemiscorpius lepturus using transcriptome analysis

Genome-wide identification, structural homology analysis, and evolutionary diversification of the phospholipase D gene family in the venom gland of three scorpion species

Sponge implant in Swiss mice as a model for studying loxoscelism

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