Effect of Low Temperature on the Breeding of Marine Animals

Crisp, D. J.

doi:10.1038/1791138b0

Cited by 27 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…An immature form needs the food to grow and to develop its gonads, and a mature but spent organism needs to build up its reserves before it can spawn again. On the other hand, since the reserves may be deposited a long time before the actual breeding season sets in, the relation between food and breeding is likely to be obscured and one may find in some cases that it might not be necessary for the animal to feed while becoming sexually mature, provided the maturing process is brief (68). However, if an animal is starved for a very long time before the breeding season it may not have the reserves to develop its gonads (69).…”

Section: Factors Which Induce the Breeding Conditionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Comparative Physiology: Annual Reproductive Cycles of Marine Invertebrates

Giese¹

1959

Annu. Rev. Physiol.

392

166

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Interest in the study of the physiology of reproduction is of relatively recent date and has developed largely in the last forty years. Interest in the physiology of reproduction of the invertebrates is of even more recent date. In fact, the most complete and up-to-date compendium of compara tive animal physiology (1) omits the subject entirely. Yet it is known that in the invertebrate world exists a diversity of modes of reproduction from primitive to highly evolved, asexual3 as well as sexual (2,3,125,126). Here is to be seen, so to speak, the evolution of the animal reproductive process, a procession of nature's fascinating experiments. Investigators have to some extent realized the opportunities for such studies, and many articles on the physiology of reproduction in invertebrates are widely scattered in the literature in a variety of journals. Neglect of discussion of the physiology of the reproductive processes of the invertebrates, then, has not been for lack of material but rather for lack of a synthesis of the existing literature.It would be impossible in a single brief review to cover completely the physiology of invertebrate reproduction, desirable as it might be. Rather, this review considers only the annual reproductive cycles of marine inver tebrates, with special emphasis on papers which include interesting view points, experimental approaches, or provocative material.A few general references which give considerable information on annual reproductive cycles of marine invertebrates are: the Handbook of Biological Data (4), in which is found a table containing breeding seasons and related data for invertebrates from various places; a book on methods for obtaining and handling marine eggs and embryos (5) of East Coast invertebrates (particularly for animals from the Woods Hole area); a paper (6) on New Zealand invertebrates; two books (7, 8) and several papers (9, 10) on West 1 The information in this article covers the literature as far back as seemed feasible to go and includes citations up to August, 1958. Wherever possible, reference is given to key review articles which give references to older literature. If important or inter esting work was omitted, it was unintentional.2 I am indebted to the staff of the Stanford Biological Libraries: Mr. F. Falconer, Chief Science Librarian, Miss Joanne Dandois, and Mr. Michael Sadoski without whose help it would have been impossible to make the extensive bibliographic search.3 Asexual reproduction occurs in many groups of animals, among them the Pro tozoa, Porifera, Coelenterata, Platyhelminthes, Rotifera, Tunicata, and certain Annelida (Polychaeta). These are dealt with in general works (2, 3) on the inverte brates. Considerable research on polychaetes is referred to by Durchon (123). Dode caceria, one of the most interesting of the polychaetes, has a remarkable capacity for asexual reproduction, and Martin's paper (125) and references cited by him should be consulted for information. 547 Annu. Rev. Physiol. 1959.21:547-576. Downloaded from www.annualrevie...

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Section: Factors Which Induce the Breeding Conditionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Comparative Physiology: Annual Reproductive Cycles of Marine Invertebrates

Giese¹

1959

Annu. Rev. Physiol.

392

166

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“…Temperature has long been recognised as a major factor governing species distribution (e.g. Isaac, 1938;Stephenson, 1944;Lewis, 1964) and mechanisms for this have been examined by Southward (1955Southward ( , 1958, Crisp (1957), and Lewis (1964) amongst many others. Stability of substratum is obviously important and various properties of the substratum may lead to significant differences in the populations present (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of sea temperature, substratum and wave exposure on rocky intertidal communities: an analysis of faunal and floral biomass

McQuaid¹,

Branch²

1984

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

117

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Effects of sea temperature regime, substratum type and degree of wave exposure on the composition of rocky intertidal communities in the Cape of Good Hope were examined using cluster analyses of data for biomass of 310 species on 12 rocky shores. The Cape of Good Hope forms an overlap area between the south and west coast intertidal biota of South Africa (Stephenson. 1939) and species composition was found to be largely influenced by temperature regime, species richness being greatest within the area of overlap. However, biomass is dominated by very few species, the 10 species with highest biomass on each beach accounting for an average of 92 % of total biornass. If the 10 species exhibiting greatest biornass on each of the 12 beaches considered are pooled, a total of only 45 species is involved; 25 of these reveal biomass trends in response to gradients of wave exposure. Thus, while temperature regime establishes, by exclusion, a framework of species composition on each beach, the actual biomass of the species present is largely influenced by degree of exposure. Cluster analyses based on biomass data reveal groupings based primarily on the degree of exposure and secondarily on temperature. While specific influences of substratum (especially of substratum instability) were apparent, any overall effects on the biota were masked by those of exposure and temperature.

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“…The water was then heated to 28 °c over 6h. This is essentially the same treatment as (i) above, but takes account of the findings of Crisp (1957) that Balanus specimens required previous exposure to cool temperatures before they could be induced to spawn at warmer temperatures. The annual minimum temperature in and around Waitemata Harbour, 12°c (Hounsell 1935, Paul 1968, Jillet 1971, was selected as a suitable low temperature, since lower temperatures would have little relevance to the natural habitat.…”

Section: Artificial Spawningmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…The widespread importance of temperature in the spawning of marine invertebrates is well shown by the work of Loosanoff & Davis (1950) on the bivalve Venus mercenaria, Crisp (1957) on the barnacles Balanus balanus and B. balanoides, Sastry (1966) on the scallop Aequipecten irradians, and Underwood (1972) on the trochid Gibbula cineraria. Such methods are widely used in mussel and oyster farming, where spat is obtained from the ripe bivalves by placing them in dishes of seawater and raising the temperature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Rough water as a spawning stimulus in some Trochid and Turbinid gastropods

Grange

1976

New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research

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Adults of three species of common intertidal gastropods, Melagraphia aethiops, Zediloma atrovirens, and Lunella smaragda, were collected from Waitemata Harbour, Auckland (36° 51´ S, 174° 47´ E) and brought to the laboratory, where several methods of artificial spawning were attempted throughout the year. The one successful method, involving vigorous water movement around ripe adults, induced them to release gametes during their respective spawning seasons, and was equally effective in the natural habitat. Larval stages were found in the plankton only during periods of on-shore wind speeds greater than 10 knots, with which their presence was correlated, rather than with tides, lunar cycles, or sea temperatures.

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Effect of Low Temperature on the Breeding of Marine Animals

Cited by 27 publications

References 6 publications

Comparative Physiology: Annual Reproductive Cycles of Marine Invertebrates

Comparative Physiology: Annual Reproductive Cycles of Marine Invertebrates

Influence of sea temperature, substratum and wave exposure on rocky intertidal communities: an analysis of faunal and floral biomass

Rough water as a spawning stimulus in some Trochid and Turbinid gastropods

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