Abstract:Background: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of low-dose ketamine pretreatment to etomidate on serum cortisol levels in critically ill cardiac patients with acute anemia undergoing upper endoscopy and ColonoscopyPatients and Methods: Sixty adult cardiac patients, ≥ 18 years, who underwent upper endoscopy and Colonoscopy to manage acute anemia in the cardiac intensive care units were enrolled. Patients were randomly divided into two groups: Group (E): received etomidate 0.2 mg/kg IV followed by etomidate… Show more
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