Effect of Long-Term Different Land Uses on Improving Stable Humic Compounds in Arenosol

Abstract

There has not been enough research conducted on the effect of land use on the composition of humus in Arenosols. This long-term study (1995–2022) aimed to determine the differences in the formation of humic compounds in the natural and agricultural ecosystems of Arenosols. Soil samples were collected from six plots at two soil depths (0–15 and 15–25 cm), with four replicates. Conclusions were reached based on the results of the accumulation of humic substances (HSs) and their qualitative fractional composition, C/N ratio, humification degree (HD), and the optical properties of the humus substances. Afforestation, after 27 years, significantly increased (+6.7 g kg−1) the soil organic carbon (SOC) and influenced the qualitative composition of HS: HA + FA 79.3% of the SOC. Grassland cultivation showed faster (+3.8 g kg−1) SOC sequestration, a higher HA/FA ratio, and an increased HD. Arenosols may be used in crop rotation with approximately 40% leguminous plants to maintain a stable humus balance. Additionally, the effects of mineral fertilisers on the humification processes and humus quality of +2.59 g kg−1 SOC, +1.27 g kg−1 humin in crop rotation, +3.26 g kg−1 SOC, and 2.82 g kg−1 humin in a grass cultivation field were established. For SOC accumulation and a larger humus amount of a better quality, it is recommended that an Arenosol is used, as it is suitable for use in perennial cut grasslands, natural grasslands, and pine afforestation.