Effect of Long-Distance Running on Inter-segment Foot Kinematics and Ground Reaction Forces: A Preliminary Study

Li, Jialin; Song, Yang; Xuan, Rongrong; Sun, Dong; Teo, Ee-Chon; Bíró, István; Gu, Yaodong

doi:10.3389/fbioe.2022.833774

Cited by 11 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 44 publications

(61 reference statements)

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“…The kinematics and kinetics of running estimated using the SINGLE foot model produced results qualitatively similar to those previously reported using the same foot model [ 16 ]. The kinematics estimated using MULTIPLE produced kinematics qualitatively similar to those from a previously reported study using a similar foot model [ 43 , 44 ], while the kinetics estimated were qualitatively similar to those previously reported using a similar foot model [e.g., 44 , 45 ]. These comparisons provide evidence that the kinematics and kinetics reported here for either foot model are representative of those obtained in earlier studies, and highlights the importance of employing a foot model of sufficient complexity to accurately capture foot kinematics and kinetics and therefore ankle joint kinematics and kinetics.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Mechanics of the foot and ankle joints during running using a multi-segment foot model compared with a single-segment model

Wager,

Challis

2024

PLoS ONE

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The primary purpose of this study was to compare the ankle joint mechanics, during the stance phase of running, computed with a multi-segment foot model (MULTI; three segments) with a traditional single segment foot model (SINGLE). Traditional ankle joint models define all bones between the ankle and metatarsophalangeal joints as a single rigid segment (SINGLE). However, this contrasts with the more complex structure and mobility of the human foot, recent studies of walking using more multiple-segment models of the human foot have highlighted the errors arising in ankle kinematics and kinetics by using an oversimplified model of the foot. This study sought to compare whether ankle joint kinematics and kinetics during running are similar when using a single segment foot model (SINGLE) and a multi-segment foot model (MULTI). Seven participants ran at 3.1 m/s while the positions of markers on the shank and foot were tracked and ground reaction forces were measured. Ankle joint kinematics, resultant joint moments, joint work, and instantaneous joint power were determined using both the SINGLE and MULTI models. Differences between the two models across the entire stance phase were tested using statistical parametric mapping. During the stance phase, MULTI produced ankle joint angles that were typically closer to neutral and angular velocities that were reduced compared with SINGLE. Instantaneous joint power (p<0.001) and joint work (p<0.001) during late stance were also reduced in MULTI compared with SINGLE demonstrating the importance of foot model topology in analyses of the ankle joint during running. This study has highlighted that considering the foot as a rigid segment from ankle to MTP joint produces poor estimates of the ankle joint kinematics and kinetics, which has important implications for understanding the role of the ankle joint in running.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Mechanics of the foot and ankle joints during running using a multi-segment foot model compared with a single-segment model

Wager,

Challis

2024

PLoS ONE

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“…Running is an increasingly popular activity worldwide because it is one of the most accessible sports to achieve better physical health and disease prevention ( Li et al, 2022 ). However, up to 79% of runners are afflicted by lower extremity injuries each year ( Xu et al, 2021 ; Anderson et al, 2022 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes of the in vivo kinematics of the human medial longitudinal foot arch, first metatarsophalangeal joint, and the length of plantar fascia in different running patterns

Sun

Zhang

et al. 2022

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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Accurately obtaining the in vivo motion of the medial longitudinal arch (MLA), first metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ), and plantar fascia (PF) is essential for analyzing the biomechanics of these structures in different running strike patterns. Most previous studies on the biomechanics of the MLA, first MTPJ, and PF have been based on traditional skin-marker–based motion capture, which cannot acquire the natural foot motion. Therefore, this study aimed to 1) describe the movement of the MLA, first MTPJ, and PF during running by using the high-speed dual fluoroscopic imaging system (DFIS) and 2) explore changes of the in vivo kinematics of the MLA and first MTPJ, and the length of the PF during the stance phase of running with different foot strike patterns. Fifteen healthy male runners all of whom ran with a regular rearfoot strike (RFS) pattern were required to run with forefoot strike (FFS) and RFS patterns. Computed tomography scans were taken from each participant’s right foot for the construction of 3D models (the calcaneus, first metatarsal, and first proximal phalanges) and local coordinate systems. A high-speed DFIS (100 Hz) and 3D force platform (2,000 Hz) were used to acquire X-ray images of the foot bones and ground reaction force data during the stance phase of running (3 m/s ± 5%) simultaneously. Then, 3D-2D registration was used to obtain the in vivo kinematic data of the MLA and first MTPJ and the length of the PF. When compared with RFS, in FFS, 1) the range of motion (ROM) of the medial/lateral (5.84 ± 5.61 mm vs. 0.75 ± 3.38 mm, p = 0.002), anterior/posterior (14.64 ± 4.33 mm vs. 11.18 ± 3.56 mm, p = 0.010), plantarflexion/dorsiflexion (7.13 ± 3.22° vs. 1.63 ± 3.29°, p < 0.001), and adduction/abduction (−3.89 ± 3.85° vs. −0.64 ± 4.39°, p = 0.034) motions of the MLA were increased significantly; 2) the ROM of the anterior/posterior (7.81 ± 2.84 mm vs. 6.24 ± 3.43 mm, p = 0.003), superior/inferior (2.11 ± 2.06 mm vs. −0.57 ± 1.65 mm, p = 0.001), and extension/flexion (−9.68 ± 9.16° vs. −5.72 ± 7.33°, p = 0.018) motions of the first MTPJ were increased significantly; 3) the maximum strain (0.093 ± 0.023 vs. 0.075 ± 0.020, p < 0.001) and the maximum power (4.36 ± 1.51 W/kg vs. 3.06 ± 1.39 W/kg, p < 0.001) of the PF were increased significantly. Running with FFS may increase deformation, energy storage, and release of the MLA and PF, as well as the push-off effect of the MTPJ. Meanwhile, the maximum extension angle of the first MTPJ and MLA deformation increased in FFS, which showed that the PF experienced more stretch and potentially indicated that FFS enhanced the PF mechanical responses.

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“…The multi-segment foot model, such as the Oxford foot model (Carson et al, 2001;Wright et al, 2011;Li et al, 2022) and the Leardini foot model (Leardini et al, 2007;Deschamps et al, 2012;Watari et al, 2021), was developed to replace the conventional single-segment foot model for detailed in vivo evaluation of the foot segment kinematics during movements. Its clinical utility has been highly appreciated following assertions by several studies that foot kinematics are affected by age (Arnold et al, 2014;Deschamps et al, 2017), sex (Takabayashi et al, 2018;Sekiguchi et al, 2020), and deformities such as flat foot (Kim et al, 2020) or hallux valgus (Shin et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Multi-Segment Foot Model Incorporating Plantar Aponeurosis for Detailed Kinematic and Kinetic Analyses of the Foot With Application to Gait Studies

Matsumoto

Ogihara

Hanawa

et al. 2022

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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Kinetic multi-segment foot models have been proposed to evaluate the forces and moments generated in the foot during walking based on inverse dynamics calculations. However, these models did not consider the plantar aponeurosis (PA) despite its potential importance in generation of the ground reaction forces and storage and release of mechanical energy. This study aimed to develop a novel multi-segment foot model incorporating the PA to better elucidate foot kinetics. The foot model comprised three segments: the phalanx, forefoot, and hindfoot. The PA was modeled using five linear springs connecting the origins and the insertions via intermediate points. To demonstrate the efficacy of the foot model, an inverse dynamic analysis of human gait was performed and how the inclusion of the PA model altered the estimated joint moments was examined. Ten healthy men walked along a walkway with two force plates placed in series close together. The attempts in which the participant placed his fore- and hindfoot on the front and rear force plates, respectively, were selected for inverse dynamic analysis. The stiffness and the natural length of each PA spring remain largely uncertain. Therefore, a sensitivity analysis was conducted to evaluate how the estimated joint moments were altered by the changes in the two parameters within a range reported by previous studies. The present model incorporating the PA predicted that 13%–45% of plantarflexion in the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint and 8%–29% of plantarflexion in the midtarsal joints were generated by the PA at the time of push-off during walking. The midtarsal joint generated positive work, whereas the MTP joint generated negative work in the late stance phase. The positive and negative work done by the two joints decreased, indicating that the PA contributed towards transfer of the energy absorbed at the MTP joint to generate positive work at the midtarsal joint during walking. Although validation is limited due to the difficulty associated with direct measurement of the PA force in vivo, the proposed novel foot model may serve as a useful tool to clarify the function and mechanical effects of the PA and the foot during dynamic movements.

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Effect of Long-Distance Running on Inter-segment Foot Kinematics and Ground Reaction Forces: A Preliminary Study

Cited by 11 publications

References 44 publications

Mechanics of the foot and ankle joints during running using a multi-segment foot model compared with a single-segment model

Mechanics of the foot and ankle joints during running using a multi-segment foot model compared with a single-segment model

Changes of the in vivo kinematics of the human medial longitudinal foot arch, first metatarsophalangeal joint, and the length of plantar fascia in different running patterns

Novel Multi-Segment Foot Model Incorporating Plantar Aponeurosis for Detailed Kinematic and Kinetic Analyses of the Foot With Application to Gait Studies

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