“…These organism responses to multiple anthropogenic pressures enable assessing rapid causal link responses between environmental stressors and aquatic biota (Rosenberg & Resh, 1993;Barbour et al, 1999;. Furthermore, benthic macroinvertebrates play key roles in food chains, serving as food for other invertebrates and vertebrates, including fish, amphibians, reptiles, and birds (Agouridis et al, 2015;Rosa et al, 2023;Simeone, 2023). Benthic macroinvertebrates are commonly used in biomonitoring programs for diagnosing and assessing biotic condition in river basins in response to anthropogenic pressures (Karr, 1999;Callisto et al, 2019a;Feio et al, 2022).…”