Effect of Loading Rate and Hydration on the Mechanical Properties of the Disc

Race, Amos; Broom, Neil D.; Robertson, Peter A.

doi:10.1097/00007632-200003150-00003

Cited by 189 publications

(145 citation statements)

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“…Exposure to whole body high frequency loading/vibration was found to be associated with low back pain and disc degeneration [10,92]. Loading rate influences the extent of disc deformation, possibly also the rate of fluid flow in and out of the disc [88,95], and affects the biosynthesis of the IVD cell. A lower loading frequency of 0.5 Hz was found to be the best of the tested conditions (0.5, 1.5 and 2.5 Hz) in preserving proteoglycan content of the rat tail model [19].…”

Section: Response To Frequency Modulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of dynamic loading on the intervertebral disc

2011

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Loading is important to maintain the balance of matrix turnover in the intervertebral disc (IVD). Daily cyclic diurnal assists in the transport of large soluble factors across the IVD and its surrounding circulation and applies direct and indirect stimulus to disc cells. Acute mechanical injury and accumulated overloading, however, could induce disc degeneration. Recently, there is more information available on how cyclic loading, especially axial compression and hydrostatic pressure, affects IVD cell biology. This review summarises recent studies on the response of the IVD and stem cells to applied cyclic compression and hydrostatic pressure. These studies investigate the possible role of loading in the initiation and progression of disc degeneration as well as quantifying a physiological loading condition for the study of disc degeneration biological therapy. Subsequently, a possible physiological/beneficial loading range is proposed. This physiological/beneficial loading could provide insight into how to design loading regimes in specific system for the testing of various biological therapies such as cell therapy, chemical therapy or tissue engineering constructs to achieve a better final outcome. In addition, the parameter space of 'physiological' loading may also be an important factor for the differentiation of stem cells towards most ideally 'discogenic' cells for tissue engineering purpose.

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Section: Response To Frequency Modulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of dynamic loading on the intervertebral disc

2011

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“…For dynamic axial stiffness the values obtained are in the same range as the static ones. The static experiments showed that the values of this parameter are highly dependent on the displacement imposed on the specimen and are also dependent on the time [21]. The results must be analysed in the light of these findings.…”

Section: Resonant Frequencymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The main one is that fluid flow causes variations in volume [2, 7,21] and in the mechanical properties of the disc [23]. Maintaining hydration during the experiments is therefore important [1,3,16,24].…”

Section: Mechanical Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic stiffness and damping of human intervertebral disc using axial oscillatory displacement under a free mass system

Izambert

Mitton

Thourot

et al. 2003

European Spine Journal

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“…Lumbar intervertebral discs change morphologically, biochemically, and biomechanically with advancing age, [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] changes that are characterized as disc degeneration and are implicated as the origin of low back pain. Unfortunately, the initiating and perpetuating factors of disc degeneration are unknown, so despite the pain, disability, and economic loss associated with disc degeneration, intervention and mitigation strategies cannot effectively proceed.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Intervertebral disc degeneration in a naturally occurring primate model: Radiographic and biomechanical evidence

Nuckley

Kramer

Rosario

et al. 2008

Journal Orthopaedic Research

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Classic degenerative disc disease is a serious health problem worldwide, whose etiological basis-mechanical stimulus, biochemical changes, or natural aging-is poorly understood. Animal models are critical to the study of degenerative disc disease initiation and progression and for attempts to regulate, ameliorate, or eliminate it. The macaque represents a primate model with natural disc degeneration that might serve to advance the field; we aimed to provide radiographic (morphologic) and biomechanical evidence of natural disc degeneration in this model. A factorial study design was used to examine the relationship between the radiographic appearance of disc degeneration and its biomechanical consequences. Eighteen macaques of advanced age (22.3 AE 0.9 years) had radiographs taken to assess the degree of thoracolumbar intervertebral disc degeneration using a standard atlas method. Each spine was harvested and dynamic biomechanical tests were performed. Advancing disc degeneration (degree of disc space narrowing and osteophytosis) was associated with increased stiffness, decreased energy absorption, and increased natural frequency of the intervertebral disc. These associations linking the dynamics of the intervertebral disc and its degree of degeneration are similar to those found in humans. Our results indicate the macaque model with morphologic and biomechanical efficacy could aid in understanding the progression of disc degeneration and in developing therapeutic strategies to prevent or inhibit its course. Keywords: intervertebral disc; disc degeneration; Macaca fascicularis; disc dynamics; biomechanics Lumbar intervertebral discs change morphologically, biochemically, and biomechanically with advancing age, 1-10 changes that are characterized as disc degeneration and are implicated as the origin of low back pain. Unfortunately, the initiating and perpetuating factors of disc degeneration are unknown, so despite the pain, disability, and economic loss associated with disc degeneration, intervention and mitigation strategies cannot effectively proceed. Morphologically, dehydration and diminished cellularity of the nucleus pulposus and disorganization and lesions of the annulus fibrosus demarcate disc degeneration. These changes manifest as decreased disc height, increased radial bulging, and osteophyte formation. 11,12 Morphologic changes are intrinsically tied to the biochemistry and biomechanics of the system, and visible and radiographic changes are used to define gradations of disc degeneration. [13][14][15][16] The altered biomechanical response of degenerate disc tissues have been measured. [2][3][4][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] Disc stiffness decreases with low-grade degeneration and increases with the most severe degeneration, while energy absorption decreases throughout degeneration. Further, spinal segment range of motion and neutral zone increase with advancing degeneration up to the most severely degenerated discs, where these properties reverse course with increasing stiffness. Unfortun...

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Effect of Loading Rate and Hydration on the Mechanical Properties of the Disc

Abstract: Intervertebral disc compressive mechanical properties are significantly dependent on loading rate and hydration.

Cited by 189 publications

References 20 publications

The effects of dynamic loading on the intervertebral disc

The effects of dynamic loading on the intervertebral disc

Dynamic stiffness and damping of human intervertebral disc using axial oscillatory displacement under a free mass system

Intervertebral disc degeneration in a naturally occurring primate model: Radiographic and biomechanical evidence

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