“…At therapeutic concentrations, lithium is known to inhibit a phosphodiesterase family of enzymes, which includes fructose 1,6-biphosphatase (FBPase), bisphosphate nucleotidase (BPNase), inositol monophosphatase (IMPase), and inositol polyphosphate 1-phosphatase (IPPase) all sharing a common sequence motif (York et al, 1995; Spiegelberg et al, 1999; Gould, 2006). Competition with magnesium for binding sites also modulates actions of lithium on G-protein-mediated cellular signaling transduction pathways (GTP binding and cyclic AMP production) through inhibition of adenylyl cyclase (Ebstein et al, 1976; Ebstein et al, 1978; Andersen and Geisler, 1984; Ebstein et al, 1987; Newman and Belmaker, 1987; Avissar et al, 1988; Mørk and Geisler, 1989; Minadeo et al, 2001; Srinivasan et al, 2004). Lithium selectively inhibits specific isoforms of adenylyl cyclase that are associated with antidepressant-like behaviors in animal models (Mann et al, 2008; Mann et al, 2009).…”