Effect of Light Intensity on the Concentrations of Phytohormones in Developing Wheat Grains

Mengel, K.; Friedrich, B.; Judel, G. K.

doi:10.1016/s0176-1617(85)80112-7

Cited by 22 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…A study of maize endosperm showed CK levels at 9 DAP that corresponded to the maximal cell division rate in the endosperm and that were reduced sharply as auxin levels increased toward the mid to late stages of endosperm development. This is consistent with other studies on grain development, in which CK levels were maximal during early stages and auxin levels reached maximal levels later in seed development (Mengel et al, 1985;Lur and Setter, 1993). Furthermore, auxin has been shown to have a rapid negative control on CK levels by suppressing its biosynthesis (Nordstrom et al, 2004).…”

Section: Auxin Signaling and Auxin-responsive Genes Are Underrepresensupporting

confidence: 92%

Transcriptome Analysis of Proliferating Arabidopsis Endosperm Reveals Biological Implications for the Control of Syncytial Division, Cytokinin Signaling, and Gene Expression Regulation

et al. 2008

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During the early stages of seed development, Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) endosperm is syncytial and proliferates rapidly through repeated rounds of mitosis without cytokinesis. This stage of endosperm development is important in determining final seed size and is a model for studying aspects of cellular and molecular biology, such as the cell cycle and genomic imprinting. However, the small size of the Arabidopsis seed makes high-throughput molecular analysis of the early endosperm technically difficult. Laser capture microdissection enabled high-resolution transcript analysis of the syncytial stage of Arabidopsis endosperm development at 4 d after pollination. Analysis of Gene Ontology representation revealed a developmental program dominated by the expression of genes associated with cell cycle, DNA processing, chromatin assembly, protein synthesis, cytoskeleton-and microtubule-related processes, and cell/organelle biogenesis and organization. Analysis of core cell cycle genes implicates particular gene family members as playing important roles in controlling syncytial cell division. Hormone marker analysis indicates predominance for cytokinin signaling during early endosperm development. Comparisons with publicly available microarray data revealed that approximately 800 putative early seed-specific genes were preferentially expressed in the endosperm. Early seed expression was confirmed for 71 genes using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, with 27 transcription factors being confirmed as early seed specific. Promoter-reporter lines confirmed endosperm-preferred expression at 4 d after pollination for five transcription factors, which validates the approach and suggests important roles for these genes during early endosperm development. In summary, the data generated provide a useful resource providing novel insight into early seed development and identify new target genes for further characterization.

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Section: Auxin Signaling and Auxin-responsive Genes Are Underrepresensupporting

confidence: 92%

Transcriptome Analysis of Proliferating Arabidopsis Endosperm Reveals Biological Implications for the Control of Syncytial Division, Cytokinin Signaling, and Gene Expression Regulation

et al. 2008

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“…In agreement with previous studies (Jones et al, 1990), zeatin riboside was higher than zeatin, and although several additional cytokinin compounds have been detected in maize kernels (von Staden and Forsyth, 1986), a11 cytokinin compounds appear to have the same time course of accumulation during development (Takagi et al, 1989;Jones et al, 1990). Similar patterns of transient cytokinin accumulation by whole kemels and associated tissues have been reported for several cereal-grain species (Rademacher and Graebe, 1984;Mengel et al, 1985;Lee et al, 1989;Takagi et al, 1989), including maize (Jones et al, 1990).…”

Section: Endogenous Cytokinin and Auxinsupporting

confidence: 74%

“…1B) was similar to that obtained for whole kernels of other cereal grains (Rademacher and Graebe, 1984;Mengel et al, 1985;Lee et al, 1989), including the sequential order: initial cytokinin accumulation, followed by IAA accumulation (Mengel et al, 1985;Lee et al, 1989). However, because these studies involved analyzing composite samples of endosperms plus pericarp and associated matemal tissues, they were not able to precisely associate the timing of cytokinin and auxin with the timing of cell division and other developmental events in individual tissues.…”

Section: Endogenous Cytokinin and Auxinsupporting

confidence: 70%

“…Studies of hormone concentrations in cereal-grain kernels (caryopses) have indicated that cytokinin is maximal at early stages (Rademacher and Graebe, 1984;Mengel et al, 1985;Lee et al, 1989;Takagi et al, 1989;Jones et al, 1990), overlapping with endosperm cell division (Chojeck et al, 1986;Ober et al, 1991), whereas IAA is maximal at later stages (Rademacher and Graebe, 1984;Mengel et al, 1985;Lee et al, 1989). However, these temporal associations have not established the functions of cytokinin and auxin in developing kernels.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Role of Auxin in Maize Endosperm Development (Timing of Nuclear DNA Endoreduplication, Zein Expression, and Cytokinin)

1993

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The timing of developmental events and regulatory roles of auxin were examined in maize (Zea mays 1.) endosperms. Zeatin, zeatin riboside, and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Zeatin and zeatin riboside increased to maximal concentrations at an early stage (9 d after pollination [DAP]), corresponding to the stage when cell division rate was maximal. In contrast, IAA concentration was low at 9 DAP and abruptly increased from 9 to 11 DAP, thus creating a sharp decline in the cytokinin to auxin ratio. Coincident with the increase in IAA was an increase in DNA content per nucleus, attributed to postmitotic DNA replication via endoreduplication. Exogenous application of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) at 5 or 7 DAP hastened the time course of DNA accumulation per nucleus and increased the average nuclear diameter, whereas 2-(para-ch1orophenoxy)isobutyric acid delayed such development. Exogenously applied 2,4-D hastened the accumulation of the zein polypeptides of apparent molecular masses of 12, 14, and 16 k D and the expression of mRNA hybridizing with a zein DNA probe.We conclude that an abrupt increase in auxin induces cellular differentiation events in endosperm, including endoredupliction and expression of particular zein storage proteins..Endosperm constitutes the majority of kemel dry matter in maize (Zea mays L.) and is the predominate sink for photosynthate and other assimilates during reproductive growth. Studies of the cytology and morphology of maize endosperm have indicated that its development, starting with the formation of the triploid primary endosperm nucleus at the time of fertilization, consists of several sequential stages: (a) mitosis, (b) cell enlargement and differentiation, (c) storage material accumulation, and (d) desiccation and maturation. The developmental events that precede rapid storage material accumulation are crucial for establishing the capacity for endosperm growth. Studies of genotypes differing in endosperm size and of environmental treatments that affect endosperm growth have indicated that cell number, cell size, and starch granule number are correlated with endosperm mass at maturity (Reddy and Daynard, 1983). Thus, the Supported in part by a fellowship from the Ministry of Education, Taiwan, Republic of China, to H.-S. L. and funds provided by U.S. Department of Agriculture, regional projects NE-157 and NE-175.

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“…Nevertheless, Mengel et al . [10] have demonstrated that phytohormones play an important role in grain growth, particularly cytokinins at time of grain initiation . As cytokinins are well known to stimulate cell division, the number of cells in the aleurone layer and in the nucellar projection was counted, but no differences were found within treatments (Table 3) .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of foliar applied benzyladenine on grain yield and grain protein in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Caldiz¹,

Beltrano²,

Fernández³

et al. 1991

Plant Growth Regul

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The effects of foliar applications of nitrogen and benzyladenine (BA) on grain yield and grain protein of wheat grown under field conditions were studied over 2 years with 5 cultivars at 2 locations . Nitrogen (N) at 20 kg .ha -', and BA at 100 or 800 mg.l -' were applied alone or combined at pre and post-anthesis ; applications of BA at 8 mg.l -' were also made on individual ears in order to study the effect on cell number . Weekly determinations of the chlorophyll content of the flag leaf were conducted after anthesis to study leaf senescence . At harvest, yield, yield components and grain protein percentage were determined . N and BA applications delayed chlorophyll loss in the flag leaf, but modified neither yield nor yield components. Foliarly applied BA increased grain protein in four of the five cultivars tested . It is concluded that delay of the senescence induced by BA might allow more energy to be available for N uptake by the crop leading to an increase in grain protein .

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Effect of Light Intensity on the Concentrations of Phytohormones in Developing Wheat Grains

Cited by 22 publications

References 20 publications

Transcriptome Analysis of Proliferating Arabidopsis Endosperm Reveals Biological Implications for the Control of Syncytial Division, Cytokinin Signaling, and Gene Expression Regulation

Transcriptome Analysis of Proliferating Arabidopsis Endosperm Reveals Biological Implications for the Control of Syncytial Division, Cytokinin Signaling, and Gene Expression Regulation

Role of Auxin in Maize Endosperm Development (Timing of Nuclear DNA Endoreduplication, Zein Expression, and Cytokinin)

Effects of foliar applied benzyladenine on grain yield and grain protein in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

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