Effect of leisure-time physical activity in controlling hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol

High blood pressure is a major risk factor for premature death. Leisure-time physical activities have been recommended to control hypertension. Studies examining how leisure-time physical activity affects blood pressure have found mixed results. We aimed to conduct a systematic review examining the effect of leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) on lowering blood pressure among adults living with hypertension. We searched studies in Embase, Medline/PubMed, Web of Science, Physical Education Index, Scopus and CENTRAL (the Cochrane Library). The primary outcome variables were systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). This systematic review is registered on PROSPERO (CRD42021260751). We included 17 studies out of 12,046 screened articles in this review. Moderate-intensity LTPA (all types) reduced SBP compared to the non-intervention control group (MD −5.35 mm Hg, 95% CI −8.06 to −2.65, nine trials, n = 531, low certainty of the evidence). Mean DBP was reduced by −4.76 mm Hg (95% CI −8.35 to −1.17, nine trials, n = 531, low certainty of the evidence) in all types of LTPA (moderate intensity) group compared to the non-intervention control group. Leisure-time walking reduced mean SBP by −8.36 mmHg, 95% CI −13.39 to −3.32, three trials, n = 128, low certainty of the evidence). Walking during leisure time reduced −5.03 mmHg mean DBP, 95% CI −8.23 to −1.84, three trials, n = 128, low certainty of the evidence). Performing physical activity during free time probably reduces SBP and DBP (low certainty of the evidence) among adults with hypertension.

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“…This study is registered on PROSPERO (CRD42021260751). The protocol of this study has been published in a peer-reviewed journal 45 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Interventions conducted to prevent hypertension were excluded. Details of the study selection criteria are in Appendix p. 6 and our published protocol 45 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of leisure-time physical activity on blood pressure in people with hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Islam

Fardousi

Sizear

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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“…Moreover, another study reported body composition variables BMI, WC and BF% also mediated the relationship between CRF and BP in cohort of young adults [23]. A meta-analysis of experimental randomized control trials revealed improvements in moderate-intensity leisure-time physical activity was associated with significant reduction in both SBP and DBP [24]. Further, a meta-analysis of weight-reduction randomized control trials reported a 4-kilogram weight reduction was associated with 6 mmHg reduction in SBP [25].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

The relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and blood pressure among airline pilots: a mediation analysis of body composition

Wilson,

Driller,

Johnston

et al. 2023

Journal of Hypertension

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Objective: Blood pressure (BP), cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), and body composition are independently associated with health outcomes, yet the relationship between these variables has not been explored among airline pilots. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between CRF and BP, and further examine whether the relationship is mediated by body composition. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 356 airline pilots in New Zealand. We measured height, body mass, BP, waist circumference, skinfolds, and CRF (via a WattBike cycle ergometer submaximal VO2max test). Partial correlation coefficients were estimated to examine the relationships between all variables while controlling for age and sex. Haye's PROCESS macro and the Sobel test were utilized for the mediation analysis. Results: All body composition variables (body mass index, waist circumference and body fat percentage) were positively correlated with all BP variables (systolic pressure, diastolic pressure and mean arterial pressure) (P < 0.001). CRF was negatively correlated with all body composition and BP variables (P < 0.001). The Sobel test and indirect effect were significant (P < 0.001), confirming that all body composition variables partially mediate the relationship between CRF and all blood pressure variables. Conclusion: Lower CRF is associated with higher blood pressure, and body composition partially mediates the relationship between these health risk factors. These findings highlight the importance of physical fitness and healthy body composition in the management of blood pressure among this occupational group.

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“…Second, people in LMICs, particularly those living in rural areas, might not engage in leisure-time PA as much as people in high-income countries do while they might engage in occupational PA much more than people in high-income countries. Thus, the PA–hypertension association in LMICs might not be necessarily similar to those observed in high-income countries [ 11 , 12 ]. Interestingly, in a prospective cohort study in Mexico, higher moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) at the workplace was associated with a lower hypertension risk [ 13 ], which contrasted with the observations in high-income countries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Different associations of occupational and leisure-time physical activity with the prevalence of hypertension among middle-aged community dwellers in rural Khánh Hòa, Vietnam

et al. 2023

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Background In contrast to high-income countries where physical activity (PA), particularly leisure-time PA, has been shown to be protective against hypertension, few studies have been conducted in low- and middle-income countries. We examined the cross-sectional association between PA and hypertension prevalence among rural residents in Vietnam. Methods We used data collected in the baseline survey of a prospective cohort study, among 3000 people aged 40–60 years old residing in rural Khánh Hòa, Vietnam. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg, or the use of antihypertensive medication. We assessed occupational PA and leisure-time PA using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. A robust Poisson regression model was used to investigate the associations, with adjustment for covariates. Results The prevalence of hypertension was 39.6%. After adjusting for socio-demographic and lifestyle-related variables, leisure-time PA was positively associated with hypertension prevalence (prevalence ratio [PR]: 1.03 per 10 MET-hour/week, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01–1.06). Occupational PA was inversely associated with hypertension prevalence (PR: 0.98 per 50 MET-hour/week, 95% CI = 0.96–0.996). After adjusting for BMI and other health-related variables, the association related to occupational PA became statistically non-significant, while the association related to leisure-time PA remained statistically significant. Conclusion In contrast to previous studies in high-income countries, we found that leisure-time PA was positively associated with hypertension prevalence and occupational PA was associated with a lower hypertension prevalence. This suggests that the association between PA and hypertension might differ depending on the context.

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Effect of leisure-time physical activity in controlling hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol

Cited by 7 publications

References 36 publications

Effect of leisure-time physical activity on blood pressure in people with hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Effect of leisure-time physical activity on blood pressure in people with hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis

The relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and blood pressure among airline pilots: a mediation analysis of body composition

Different associations of occupational and leisure-time physical activity with the prevalence of hypertension among middle-aged community dwellers in rural Khánh Hòa, Vietnam

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