Effect of layer thickness and laser emission mode on the microstructure of an additive manufactured maraging steel

Santana, Ana; Eres-Castellanos, Adriana; Jiménez, José Antonio; Rementería, Rosalía; Capdevila, Carlos; Caballero, Francisca G.

doi:10.1016/j.jmrt.2023.07.114

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…The differences in grain morphology observed under OM are likely due to subtle variations in cooling rates and thermal gradients experienced during the build, influenced by supplier-specific process parameters. SEM analysis (Figure 15) further confirmed microstructural similarities between suppliers 1, 3, and 4, consisting of fine martensitic structures with precipitates, as expected for maraging steel under rapid cooling conditions [16,38,56]. The differences in grain morphology observed under OM are likely due to subtle variations in cooling rates and thermal gradients experienced during the build, influenced by supplier-specific process parameters.…”

Section: Xy (H) Z)supporting

confidence: 56%

Benchmarking L-PBF Systems for Die Production: Powder, Dimensional, Surface, Microstructural and Mechanical Characterisation

Costa,

Sequeiros,

Santos

et al. 2024

Metals

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While conventional die manufacturing techniques often lead to limitations in production speed and design intricacy due to labour-intensive procedures like machining and casting, Additive Manufacturing (AM) emerges as a key player offering substantial potential for cost reduction and process improvement in mass production. This study benchmarks four leading Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) systems for producing maraging steel (EN 1.2709) dies. Despite the shared material and technology, variations in dimensional accuracy, surface finish, and microstructure were observed among the maraging steel parts. SEM/EDS, EBSD, hardness testing, and dimensional analysis revealed system-specific performance differences. Additionally, select parts underwent heat treatment and tensile testing, demonstrating the impact of post-processing on mechanical properties. These results offer valuable guidance for industrial stakeholders considering AM, highlighting the importance of supplier selection and process optimisation for achieving consistent part quality and unlocking the full potential of AM technologies.

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Section: Xy (H) Z)supporting

confidence: 56%

Benchmarking L-PBF Systems for Die Production: Powder, Dimensional, Surface, Microstructural and Mechanical Characterisation

Costa,

Sequeiros,

Santos

et al. 2024

Metals

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show abstract

“…Extensive research has been conducted on the L-PBF production of stainless, tool [38,39], and maraging steels [40][41][42] and silicon-containing ferrous alloys for the production of soft magnetic devices or electrical applications, with [43] and without post-manufacturing heat treatments [43,44]. However, despite the numerous advantages of bainitic steels and their use in demanding applications that require both high strength and elongation, to the best of our knowledge, there is a lack of research on their fabrication using the L-PBF method.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laser Powder Bed Fusion Fabrication of a Novel Carbide-Free Bainitic Steel: The Possibilities and a Comparative Study with the Conventional Alloy

Franceschi,

Yazdanpanah,

Leone

et al. 2024

Metals

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A newly developed medium-carbon carbide-free bainitic steel was fabricated for the first time utilizing the laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) technique. Process parameters were optimized, and a high density of 99.8% was achieved. The impact of austempering heat treatment on the bainite morphology and transformation kinetics was investigated by high-resolution microstructural analysis (SEM, TEM, and EDS) and dilatometric analysis, and results were compared with conventionally produced counterparts. Faster kinetics and finer microstructures in the L-PBF specimens were found as a consequence of the as-built microstructure, characterized by fine grains and high dislocation density. However, a bimodal distribution of bainitic ferrite plate thickness (average value 60 nm and 200 nm, respectively) was found at prior melt pool boundaries resulting from carbon depletion at such sites.

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Development and characterization of a novel maraging steel fabricated by laser additive manufacturing

Xu,

Zhang,

et al. 2024

Materials Science and Engineering: A

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Effect of layer thickness and laser emission mode on the microstructure of an additive manufactured maraging steel

Cited by 3 publications

References 70 publications

Benchmarking L-PBF Systems for Die Production: Powder, Dimensional, Surface, Microstructural and Mechanical Characterisation

Benchmarking L-PBF Systems for Die Production: Powder, Dimensional, Surface, Microstructural and Mechanical Characterisation

Laser Powder Bed Fusion Fabrication of a Novel Carbide-Free Bainitic Steel: The Possibilities and a Comparative Study with the Conventional Alloy

Development and characterization of a novel maraging steel fabricated by laser additive manufacturing

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