“…Furthermore, lattice mismatching is inevitable in the processes of material preparation and device fabrication, and it has an undeniable impact on magnetic properties, including magnetic exchange coupling and magnetic phase transition temperature. 122,123 For instance, Vaghefi et al 124 grew La 0.9 Ba 0.1 MnO 3 thin films on monocrystalline Si and Al 2 O 3 substrates and found that the Al 2 O 3 substrate introduced a compressive strain along the out-of-plane direction, while the Si substrate induced a tensile strain, resulting in the magnetic phase transition temperature slightly higher than that of the bulk La 0.9 Ba 0.1 MnO 3 . In addition to lattice mismatch, grain size can be controlled experimentally by the annealing temperature or the sintering temperature, which also has impacts on the magnetism.…”