Effect of late Spring defruiting on net CO<sub>2</sub>exchange and leaf area development in apple tree canopies

Reyes, M. Victor; Girona, J.; Marsal, J.

doi:10.1080/14620316.2006.11512108

Cited by 19 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…This was due to a failure in the irrigation system. Fruit load has a great effect on the stomatal conductance of apple leaves, which is decreased by a reduction in load (Wünsche et al, 2000; Lakso, 2003; Reyes et al, 2006). The higher values of CWSI md in the Prosser orchard were mostly caused by no fruit load and accordingly led to a smaller difference in canopy and air temperature (Osroosh et al, 2016b).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring water status in apple trees using a sensitive morning crop water stress index*

Mohamed

Osroosh²,

Peters

et al. 2020

Irrigation and Drainage

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The crop water stress index (CWSI) has shown to be a good indicator of water status in fruit trees. Conventional CWSI measured over solar noon is widely used to monitor plant water status. This study compared the theoretical CWSI averaged over morning hours, CWSImo, and over solar noon hours, CWSImd, of apple trees. This study also assessed their sensitivity to the changes in soil water status (soil water deficit [SWD, %] and soil water potential [SWP, kPa]) at different root zone depths. Four different types of commercial and experimental apple orchards with different characteristics growing under semi‐arid conditions in Washington State, United States, were chosen to assess CWSImo against CWSImd sensitivity to soil water status. In some of these locations, soil water status ranged from fully watered to severely stressed (low water deficit to high water deficit). Ground‐based thermal and microclimate measurements were recorded continuously at 10‐s intervals and acquired for the 15‐min average on a daily basis throughout the study period. The linear relationship between SWD and CWSImo at the effective root zone depth (average of 0–150 mm and 0–460 mm) resulted in a slightly higher correlation (R2 = 0.42–0.64, p < .001) compared to the traditional CWSImd (R2 = 0.32–0.60, p < 0.001). The correlation between CWSImo and SWP (R2 = 0.38–0.69, p < 0.001) was found to be larger than the correlation between CWSImo and SWD, while SWP was less correlated with CWSImd (R2 = 0.33–0.55, p < 0.001). Interestingly, a better relationship between soil water status and both CWSImo and CWSImd was observed using a nadir view orientation thermal measurement. The CWSImo showed higher sensitivity to SWP than SWD.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring water status in apple trees using a sensitive morning crop water stress index*

Mohamed

Osroosh²,

Peters

et al. 2020

Irrigation and Drainage

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“…During postharvest, the relationship between estimated and measured Ψ L may be affected both by defoliation caused by the mechanical winegrape harvester and transpiration reduction due to sink removal at harvest, which lowers vine water consumption (Reyes et al. , Marsal et al. ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vineyard irrigation scheduling based on airborne thermal imagery and water potential thresholds

Bellvert

Zarco‐Tejada

Marsal

et al. 2015

Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research

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Background and Aims Mapping the spatial variability of vine water status within a vineyard is necessary for the efficient management of irrigation water. The objective of this study was to determine whether estimates of remotely sensed leaf water potential (Ψrem) could be employed as a precise tool for scheduling irrigation at the irrigation sector level throughout the season. Methods and Results Three irrigation treatments were applied in a 16‐ha commercial vineyard to analyse the performance of the proposed methodology for monitoring regulated deficit irrigation strategies, and to evaluate the required frequency of the acquisition of thermal images for irrigation scheduling. An aircraft equipped with a thermal sensor flew over the vineyard throughout the season, and the averaged Ψrem of each irrigation sector was used as the irrigation trigger. The acquisition of about five or six Ψrem maps over the season is recommended. The starting date for acquiring thermal images depends on canopy vegetation size and on the difficulty of extracting pure vegetation pixels. The effect of acquiring thermal imagery on days after rainfall or with low vapour pressure deficits affected the estimation of Ψrem, and these constraints need to be considered for feasible irrigation purposes. Conclusions Remotely sensed leaf water potential was successfully used as an irrigation trigger to adopt regulated deficit irrigation strategies without any negative effect on yield and wine composition. Significance of the Study This study presented a promising and powerful method for scheduling irrigation throughout the season at vineyard level based on estimates of remotely sensed leaf water potential.

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“…Drought may significantly limit carbon fixation by reducing stomatal conductance (Escobar-Gutiérrez et al 1998, Naor 1998, 2001) and therefore photosynthetic rates (Beppu et al 2003, Reyes et al 2006. The relationship between water availability and carbon balance is fundamental for the understanding of the limitations to crop productivity in arid and semi-arid environments, where production relies heavily on irrigation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Crop load, defined as fruit units per trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA) or per light interception by green leaf area, is known to affect carbohydrate production and partitioning in apple. Increases in crop load stimulated the photochemical efficiency of photosystem II in leaf chloroplasts (Urban et al 2004), leaf chlorophyll concentration (Wünsche et al 2005), stomatal conductance (Reyes et al 2006) and subsequently net canopy gas exchange rates (Palmer et al 1997), while decreasing the starch concentration of source leaves (Wünsche et al 2005). Post-harvest recovery of leaf starch concentration is promoted by crop load, to the extent that by the end of the season no significant differences are found between trees bearing various crop yields (Wünsche et al 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Internal management of non-structural carbohydrate resources in apple leaves and branch wood under a broad range of sink and source manipulations

Naschitz

Naor²,

Genish

et al. 2010

Tree Physiology

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Apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) grown in a Mediterranean climate depends on regular irrigation throughout the growing season. The objective of the current study was to elucidate the changes in carbohydrate storage and utilization by mature, field-grown apple trees in response to water availability to the trees and to the level of cropping. Fourteen-year-old apple trees cv. 'Golden Delicious' were grown under various combinations of irrigation rate (11, 33 or 77 l day(-)(1) per tree) and crop level ( approximately 100, approximately 300 or >1000 fruits per tree) beginning 47 days after full bloom (DAFB). Non-structural carbohydrate concentrations were measured at 78 (leaves and branch wood), 102 (leaves), 183 (branch wood) and 214 (branch wood) DAFB. Midday stem water potential (SWP) was measured at 2-week intervals between June and October. Trunk cross-sectional area was measured 47 and 265 DAFB. At harvest, 139 DAFB, the fruits of each tree were counted and weighed. SWP at 102 DAFB ranged between -0.6 and -2.7 MPa. Fruit fresh weight at harvest was positively related to SWP measured 37 days before harvest with distinct slopes for light/intermediate and heavy crop levels. Leaf and branch wood starch concentrations 78 and 102 DAFB were positively related to irrigation rate and negatively related to crop level. Mean fruit weight at harvest was positively related to branch wood starch concentration and neared maximum at a concentration of 40 mg g(-)(1) dry weight. Branch wood starch concentration recovered after harvest, especially in water-stressed trees. Sorbitol concentration was negatively related to irrigation rate. The sorbitol-to-starch concentration ratio in leaves at 102 DAFB was closely proportional to SWP. It is suggested that branch wood starch concentration represents the overall balance between carbon sources and sinks and may therefore serve as a reliable indicator of photo-assimilate availability. In water-stressed trees, sorbitol is prioritized over starch, probably to support osmotic adjustment, thereby suppressing fruit growth even further.

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Effect of late Spring defruiting on net CO₂exchange and leaf area development in apple tree canopies

Cited by 19 publications

References 20 publications

Monitoring water status in apple trees using a sensitive morning crop water stress index*

Monitoring water status in apple trees using a sensitive morning crop water stress index*

Vineyard irrigation scheduling based on airborne thermal imagery and water potential thresholds

Internal management of non-structural carbohydrate resources in apple leaves and branch wood under a broad range of sink and source manipulations

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Effect of late Spring defruiting on net CO2exchange and leaf area development in apple tree canopies

Cited by 19 publications

References 20 publications

Monitoring water status in apple trees using a sensitive morning crop water stress index*

Monitoring water status in apple trees using a sensitive morning crop water stress index*

Vineyard irrigation scheduling based on airborne thermal imagery and water potential thresholds

Internal management of non-structural carbohydrate resources in apple leaves and branch wood under a broad range of sink and source manipulations

Contact Info

Product

Resources

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Effect of late Spring defruiting on net CO₂exchange and leaf area development in apple tree canopies