Effect of laser energy density on defects behavior of direct laser depositing 24CrNiMo alloy steel

Cao, Lin; Chen, Suiyuan; Wei, Mingwei; Guo, Qian; Liang, Jing; Liu, Changsheng; Wang, Mei

doi:10.1016/j.optlastec.2018.10.025

Cited by 72 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Additive manufacturing (AM), also popularly known as 3D printing, is at the frontier of development for manufacturing diverse parts and has also been referred to as the third industrial revolution [1][2][3]. AM has an advantage over other conventional manufacturing techniques, making it possible to print complex shapes without the need for several conventional processing steps, such as expensive tooling, dies, or casting molds [3][4][5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

State of the Art in Directed Energy Deposition: From Additive Manufacturing to Materials Design

2019

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Additive manufacturing (AM) is a new paradigm for the design and production of high-performance components for aerospace, medical, energy, and automotive applications. This review will exclusively cover directed energy deposition (DED)-AM, with a focus on the deposition of powder-feed based metal and alloy systems. This paper provides a comprehensive review on the classification of DED systems, process variables, process physics, modelling efforts, common defects, mechanical properties of DED parts, and quality control methods. To provide a practical framework to print different materials using DED, a process map using the linear heat input and powder feed rate as variables is constructed. Based on the process map, three different areas that are not optimized for DED are identified. These areas correspond to the formation of a lack of fusion, keyholing, and mixed mode porosity in the printed parts. In the final part of the paper, emerging applications of DED from repairing damaged parts to bulk combinatorial alloys design are discussed. This paper concludes with recommendations for future research in order to transform the technology from “form” to “function,” which can provide significant potential benefits to different industries.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

State of the Art in Directed Energy Deposition: From Additive Manufacturing to Materials Design

2019

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“…As materials undergo a thermal gradient during the LMD process, owing to the difference of thermal property parameters between the deposited layer and BM, thermal residual stress arises in the layer. Furthermore, stress concentration around defects can play a bold role in crack formation [ 54 ]. Thermal residual stress is a function of Poisson’s ratio, the elastic modulus of the deposited layer, the difference between the real-time temperature and room temperature, and the thermal expansion coefficient difference between the layer and the BM [ 54 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, stress concentration around defects can play a bold role in crack formation [ 54 ]. Thermal residual stress is a function of Poisson’s ratio, the elastic modulus of the deposited layer, the difference between the real-time temperature and room temperature, and the thermal expansion coefficient difference between the layer and the BM [ 54 ]. The values of the thermal expansion coefficient, elastic modulus, and Poisson’s ratio of the material remain relatively constant, and the temperature difference mainly dominates the thermal stress.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Laser Metal Deposition Parameters on the Characteristics of Stellite 6 Deposited Layers on Precipitation-Hardened Stainless Steel

et al. 2021

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Laser metal deposition (LMD) is one of the manufacturing processes in the industries, which is used to enhance the properties of components besides producing and repairing important engineering components. In this study, Stellite 6 was deposited on precipitation-hardened martensitic stainless steel (17-4 PH) by using the LMD process, which employed a pulsed Nd:YAG laser. To realize a favor deposited sample, the effects of three LMD parameters (focal length, scanning speed, and frequency) were investigated, as well as microstructure studies and the results of a microhardness test. Some cracks were observed in the deposited layers with a low scanning speed, which were eliminated by an augment of the scanning speed. Furthermore, some defects were found in the deposited layers with a high scanning speed and a low frequency, which can be related to the insufficient laser energy density and a low overlapping factor. Moreover, various morphologies were observed within the microstructure of the samples, which can be attributed to the differences in the stability criterion and cooling rate across the layer. In the long run, a defect-free sample (S-120-5.5-25) possessing suitable geometrical attributes (wetting angle of 57° and dilution of 25.1%) and a better microhardness property at the surface (≈335 Hv) has been introduced as a desirable LMDed sample.

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“…In our previous work, the coating prepared by plasma spraying has been proven to effectively improve the hardness and corrosion resistance of Q235 steel [23]. Nonethe-less, with the plasma thermal spraying process, it is difficult to avoid the formation of porosity in the coating, which limits the excellent intrinsic performance of (CoCrFeNi) 95 Nb 5 HEA [24][25]. In order to further explore (CoCrFeNi) 95 Nb 5 HEA coating preparation processes and to improve the compactness of the coating, the laser cladding process can be a viable option, worthy of investigation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Superior corrosion resistance-dependent laser energy density in (CoCrFeNi)95Nb5 high entropy alloy coating fabricated by laser cladding

Wang

Zhang

et al. 2021

Int J Miner Metall Mater

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CoCrFeNi) 95 Nb 5 high entropy alloy (HEA) coatings were successfully fabricated on a substrate of Q235 steel by laser cladding technology. These (CoCrFeNi) 95 Nb 5 HEA coatings possess excellent properties, particularly corrosion resistance, which is clearly superior to that of some typical bulk HEA and common engineering alloys. In order to obtain appropriate laser cladding preparation process parameters, the effects of laser energy density on the microstructure, microhardness, and corrosion resistance of (CoCrFeNi) 95 Nb 5 HEA coating were closely studied. Results showed that as the laser energy density increases, precipitation of the Laves phase in (CoCrFeNi) 95 Nb 5 HEA coating gradually decreases, and diffusion of the Fe element in the substrate intensifies, affecting the integrity of the (CoCrFeNi) 95 Nb 5 HEA. This decreases the microhardness of (CoCrFeNi) 95 Nb 5 HEA coatings. Moreover, the relative content of Cr 2 O 3 , Cr(OH) 3 , and Nb 2 O 5 in the surface passive film of the coating decreases with increasing energy density, causing corrosion resistance to decrease. This study demonstrates the controllability of a high-performance HEA coating using laser cladding technology, which has significance for the laser cladding preparation of other CoCrFeNi-system HEA coatings.

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Effect of laser energy density on defects behavior of direct laser depositing 24CrNiMo alloy steel

Cited by 72 publications

References 27 publications

State of the Art in Directed Energy Deposition: From Additive Manufacturing to Materials Design

State of the Art in Directed Energy Deposition: From Additive Manufacturing to Materials Design

Effect of Laser Metal Deposition Parameters on the Characteristics of Stellite 6 Deposited Layers on Precipitation-Hardened Stainless Steel

Superior corrosion resistance-dependent laser energy density in (CoCrFeNi)95Nb5 high entropy alloy coating fabricated by laser cladding

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