Effect of lactulose on short-chain fatty acids and lactate production and on the growth of faecal flora, with special reference to Clostridium difficile

Ito, Yasuhisa; Moriwaki, Hisataka; Muto, Yoshinori; Kato, Naoya; Watanabe, Katsueki; Ueno, Kyohei

doi:10.1099/00222615-46-1-80

Cited by 54 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 25 publications

(10 reference statements)

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“…Alternatively, the reduction in isobutyrate may be due to modulation of the gut microbial ecology. Ito et al (61) have shown that lactulose supplementation reduces the fecal concentrations of SCFAs (isobutyrate, butyrate, isovalerate, valerate, isocaproate, and caproate), which may be related to suppression of fecal micro-organisms producing these SCFAs, especially C. difficile.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

¹H NMR metabolite profiling of feces as a tool to assess the impact of nutrition on the human microbiome

et al. 2007

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Current research increasingly recognizes the human gut microbiome as a metabolically versatile biological 'digester' that plays an essential role in regulating the host metabolome. Gut microbiota recover energy and biologically active molecules from food that would otherwise be washed out of the intestinal tract without benefit. In this study, a protocol for NMR-based metabolite profiling has been developed to access the activity of the microbiome. The physicochemical properties of fecal metabolites have been found to strongly affect the reproducibility and coverage of the profiles obtained. Metabolite profiles generated by water and methanol extraction of lyophilized feces are reproducible and comprise a variety of different compounds including, among others, short-chain fatty acids (e.g. acetate, propionate, butyrate, isobutyrate, isovalerate, malate), organic acids (e.g. succinate, pyruvate, fumarate, lactate), amino acids, uracil, trimethylamine, ethanol, glycerol, glucose, phenolic acids, cholate, and lipid components. The NMR profiling approach was validated on fecal samples from a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomized cross-over study, in which healthy human subjects consumed a placebo and either a grape juice extract or a mix of grape juice and wine extract over a period of 4 weeks, each. The considerable inter- and intra-individual variability observed originates in the first instance from variable metabolite concentrations rather than from variable metabolite compositions, suggesting that different colonic flora share general biochemical characteristics metabolizing different substrates to specific metabolic patterns. Whereas the grape juice extract did not induce changes in the metabolite profiles as compared with the placebo, the mixture of grape juice and wine extract induced a reduction in isobutyrate, which may indicate that polyphenols are able to modulate the microbial ecology of the gut.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

¹H NMR metabolite profiling of feces as a tool to assess the impact of nutrition on the human microbiome

et al. 2007

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“…Another interesting finding was the diet effect on gastric, ileal, and colonic caproate, which differed among gut sites, indicating that different caproate-producing bacteria dominated at the three gut sites. Caproate-producing bacteria can be found within different Clostridium clusters, such as clusters I, IV, XI, and XIV (41)(42)(43)(44)(45).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changing Dietary Calcium-Phosphorus Level and Cereal Source Selectively Alters Abundance of Bacteria and Metabolites in the Upper Gastrointestinal Tracts of Weaned Pigs

Metzler‐Zebeli

Mann

Schmitz‐Esser

et al. 2013

Appl Environ Microbiol

101

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Several dietary ingredients may affect the bacterial community structure and metabolism in the porcine gut and may therefore influence animals' health and performance. This study investigated the effects of cereal source and calcium-phosphorus (CaP) level in the diet on bacterial microbiota and metabolites, nutrient intake, and gut environment in weaned pigs. Pigs (n ‫؍‬ 8/treatment) were fed wheat-barley-or corn-based diets with an adequate or high CaP level for 14 days. Effects on microbiota in the stomach, ileum, and midcolon were assessed using quantitative PCR. Data showed that Enterobacteriaceae, Campylobacter spp., and Helicobacter spp., which all contain highly immune reactive lipopolysaccharide (LPS), were abundant at all gut sites. Diet effects on bacteria and metabolites were moderate and occurred mainly in the upper gut, whereas no effects on bacteria, fermentation products, and LPS could be observed in the colon. Differences in carbohydrate intake with corn versus wheat-barley diets selectively stimulated Bifidobacterium in the stomach and ileum. There was a growth advantage for a few bacterial groups in the stomach and ileum of pigs fed the high versus adequate CaP level (i.e., gastric Enterobacteriaceae and ileal Enterococcus, Bacteroides-Prevotella-Porphyromonas, and Campylobacter). Interestingly, gastrointestinal pH was not affected by dietary CaP level. The present findings demonstrate the stability of the bacterial community and gut environment toward dietary changes even in young pigs. The results on stimulation of gastric and ileal Bifidobacterium by corn diets may be employed in nutritional strategies to support gut health after weaning.

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“…An inhibitory effect of lactulose on growth of C. difficile in human fecal cultures has also been reported (20). Lactobacilli predominated in these cultures, while bacteroides, bifidobacteria, and enterobacteria were suppressed.…”

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confidence: 92%

Nondigestible Oligosaccharides Enhance Bacterial Colonization Resistance against Clostridium difficile In Vitro

Hopkins

Macfarlane

2003

Appl Environ Microbiol

164

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Clostridium difficile is the principal etiologic agent of pseudomembranous colitis and is a major cause of nosocomial antibiotic-associated diarrhea. A limited degree of success in controlling C. difficile infection has been achieved by using probiotics; however, prebiotics can also be used to change bacterial community structure and metabolism in the large gut, although the effects of these carbohydrates on suppression of clostridial pathogens have not been well characterized. The aims of this study were to investigate the bifidogenicity of three nondigestible oligosaccharide (NDO) preparations in normal and antibiotic-treated fecal microbiotas in vitro and their abilities to increase barrier resistance against colonization by C. difficile by using cultural and molecular techniques. Fecal cultures from three healthy volunteers were challenged with a toxigenic strain of C. difficile, and molecular probes were used to monitor growth of the pathogen, together with growth of bifidobacterial and bacteroides populations, over a time course. Evidence of colonization resistance was assessed by determining viable bacterial counts, short-chain fatty acid formation, and cytotoxic activity. Chemostat studies were then performed to determine whether there was a direct correlation between bifidobacteria and C. difficile suppression. NDO were shown to stimulate bifidobacterial growth, and there were concomitant reductions in C. difficile populations. However, in the presence of clindamycin, activity against bifidobacteria was augmented in the presence of NDO, resulting in a further loss of colonization resistance. In the absence of clindamycin, NDO enhanced colonization resistance against C. difficile, although this could not be attributed to bifidobacterium-induced inhibitory phenomena.

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Effect of lactulose on short-chain fatty acids and lactate production and on the growth of faecal flora, with special reference to Clostridium difficile

Cited by 54 publications

References 25 publications

¹H NMR metabolite profiling of feces as a tool to assess the impact of nutrition on the human microbiome

¹H NMR metabolite profiling of feces as a tool to assess the impact of nutrition on the human microbiome

Changing Dietary Calcium-Phosphorus Level and Cereal Source Selectively Alters Abundance of Bacteria and Metabolites in the Upper Gastrointestinal Tracts of Weaned Pigs

Nondigestible Oligosaccharides Enhance Bacterial Colonization Resistance against Clostridium difficile In Vitro

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Effect of lactulose on short-chain fatty acids and lactate production and on the growth of faecal flora, with special reference to Clostridium difficile

Cited by 54 publications

References 25 publications

1H NMR metabolite profiling of feces as a tool to assess the impact of nutrition on the human microbiome

1H NMR metabolite profiling of feces as a tool to assess the impact of nutrition on the human microbiome

Changing Dietary Calcium-Phosphorus Level and Cereal Source Selectively Alters Abundance of Bacteria and Metabolites in the Upper Gastrointestinal Tracts of Weaned Pigs

Nondigestible Oligosaccharides Enhance Bacterial Colonization Resistance against Clostridium difficile In Vitro

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¹H NMR metabolite profiling of feces as a tool to assess the impact of nutrition on the human microbiome

¹H NMR metabolite profiling of feces as a tool to assess the impact of nutrition on the human microbiome