Effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG on Energy Metabolism, Leptin Resistance, and Gut Microbiota in Mice with Diet-Induced Obesity

Abstract

Obesity is closely associated with various metabolic disorders, including leptin resistance, which is characterized by high circulating leptin levels. Probiotics can decrease circulating leptin levels by alteration of the gut microbiota. Thus, they may have anti-obesogenic effects. In this study, the effects of administration of a probiotic bacterium, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG), on gut microbiota and modulation of leptin resistance were evaluated in mice. Male Balb/C mice aged 7 weeks were fed either a normal diet (ND), high-fat diet (HFD), HFD supplemented with low-dose LGG (108 CFU/mouse/day), or HFD supplemented with high-dose LGG (1010 CFU/mouse/day) for 10 weeks. Significantly increased body weight, epididymal fat weight, and decreased leptin responsiveness to exogenous leptin treatment and ratio of villus height to crypt depth were observed in the HFD-fed mice compared to the ND-fed mice. Moreover, a remarkable increase in the proportion of Proteobacteria and ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes in the fecal microbiota were also observed in the HFD-fed mice. Supplementation of HFD with high-dose LGG restored exogenous leptin responsiveness, increased the ratio of villus height to crypt depth, and decreased the proportion of Proteobacteria in fecal microbiota. These findings suggest that LGG supplementation might alleviate leptin resistance caused by an HFD through the improvement of the digestive health of the host.

Lactic Acid Bacteria Strains Differently Modulate Gut Microbiota and Metabolic and Immunological Parameters in High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice

“…In general, it is expected that positive impacts of probiotics on obesity and associated metabolic disorders are related to a decrease in serum leptin values or leptin expression (10,38,39). However, numerous animal and clinical studies showed discrepancies concerning the effects of probiotics on obesity and their impact on serum leptin levels or leptin expression (40,41). Further, a strain-specific effect on leptin was proposed for probiotics (10).…”

Korean red ginseng induces extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways in MCF‐7 breast cancer cells and MCF‐10A non‐malignant breast cells

“…Rg5 even inhibited proliferation and enhanced apoptosis in MCF‐7 cells 23 . Various pathways such as inhibiting the insulin‐like growth factor 1 receptor/Akt pathway and mTOR/p70S6K pathway 21–23 and melastatin type transient receptor potential 7, NF‐κB signaling via inactivation of ERK and Akt pathway as well as destabilization of mutant p53 24,25 are used to explain the regulation and proliferation of breast cancer cells by ginsenosides.…”

“…Regarding the cell cycle regulation and cell proliferation of breast cancer, few ginsenosides are seemed to regulate the cell cycle progression. Rg5, Rh4, Rh2, Rp1, Rd are the ginsenosides which inhibit the proliferation by inhibiting the insulin‐like growth factor 1 receptor/Akt pathway and mTOR/p70S6K pathway 21–23 . Furthermore, ginsenosides also play a role in inducing apoptosis and autophagy in breast cancer cells by inhibiting various pathways such as melastatin type transient receptor potential 7, NF‐κB signaling via inactivation of ERK and Akt pathway as well as destabilization of mutant p53 24,25 …”

Effects of gut microbiota–derived extracellular vesicles on obesity and diabetes and their potential modulation through diet

“…Recently, Teng et al [ 119 ] observed that ginger exosome-like nanoparticles, through miRNAs, could regulate Lactobacillus rhamnosus (LGG) gene expression, influencing the intestinal immune system and improving gut barrier integrity, ameliorating colitis in mice [ 119 ]. It has been reported that LGG administration has anti-obesity and anti-diabetic properties, being able to alter gut microbiota composition, decrease weight gain, inhibit leptin resistance, enhance glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, and reduce adiposity [ 24 , 63 , 69 , 100 ]. Thus, manipulation of gut commensal LGG through dietary ginger exosome–like nanoparticles containing miRNAs may be a promising strategy to treat metabolic syndrome.…”