Effect of lactation on resting metabolic rate and on diet- and work-induced thermogenesis

Spaaij, C. J. K.; Raaij, J.M.A. van; Groot, Lisette C. P. G. M. de; Heijden, L.J.M. van der; Boekholt, H.A.; Hautvast, J.G.A.J.

doi:10.1093/ajcn/59.1.42

Cited by 33 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…RMR has been previously shown to increase in animals exposed to cold or in females during peak lactation (Garton et al, 1994;Spaaij et al, 1994;Speakman and McQueenie, 1996;Johnson et al, 2001b). In the present study, an increase in RMR in female hamsters lactating at 5°C was observed.…”

Section: -J Zhaomentioning

confidence: 95%

Energy budget during lactation in striped hamsters at different ambient temperatures

Zhao

2011

Journal of Experimental Biology

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The maximal rates of energy intake and expenditure that animals can sustain for protracted periods of days and weeks [sustained energy intake (SusEI) or sustained metabolic rate] are very important because they define upper energetic limits to the ability of animals to distribute, survive and reproduce (Karasov, 1986;Root, 1988;Bozinovic and Rosenmann, 1989;Peterson et al., 1990;Thompson, 1992;Hammond and Diamond, 1997;Bryan and Bryant, 1999;Speakman, 2000;Johnson and Speakman, 2001;Johnson et al., 2001a;Johnson et al., 2001b;Johnson et al., 2001c;Speakman and Król, 2005;Zhao and Cao, 2009a). It is widely believed that SusEI is constrained intrinsically by some aspects of physiology (Daan et al., 1990;Peterson et al., 1990;Weiner, 1992;Hammond and Diamond, 1997;Speakman, 2000;Speakman and Król, 2005;Speakman and Król, 2010). For example, SusEI limitation is suggested to be set by the expenditure capacities of the energyconsuming organs, such as skeletal muscle during physical exercise, brown adipose tissue and muscles during cold exposure, and the mammary glands during lactation, i.e. the peripheral limitation hypothesis (Hammond and Diamond, 1997;Speakman and Król, 2005;Speakman, 2007;Speakman, 2008;Zhao and Cao, 2009a;Zhao et al., 2010a;Zhao, 2010). Alternatively, SusEI limitation may be driven by the capacity of animals to dissipate heat, i.e. the heat dissipation limits hypothesis (Król and Speakman, 2003a;Król and Speakman, 2003b;Speakman and Król, 2005;Król et al., 2007).Lactation is the most energetically demanding period encountered by small mammals (Thompson and Nicol, 1986; Hammond and Diamond, 1997;Johnson et al., 2001a;Johnson et al., 2001b;Speakman and Król, 2005;Speakman, 2007). In general, mammals exposed to cold have to increase their energy demands for additional thermogenesis to maintain constant thermoregulation (Heldmaier et al., 1982;Wang and Wang, 1989;Wang and Wang, 1990;Bozinovic et al., 2004;Li and Wang, 2005;Wang et al., 2006;Zhang and Wang, 2007). Wild animals may experience lactation at cold temperature; thus, the combination of the two stressors is an excellent model with which to study factors limiting SusEI (Hammond and Diamond, 1997;Johnson and Speakman, 2001;Speakman and Król, 2005;Zhang and Wang, 2007). A previous study showed that Swiss mice lactating at cold increased their food intake and did not raise heavier litters compared with mice lactating at normal temperatures, suggesting that limits on SusEI were not driven by the capacity of the gut, but were likely imposed by the capacity of mammary tissue to produce milk (Hammond et al., 1994). Additionally, during lactation, cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) did not increase milk energy output compared with controls lactating in warm conditions (Rogowitz, 1998). Zhang and Wang also reported similar results in cold-exposed lactating Brandt's vole (Lasiopodomys brandtii) (Zhang and Wang, 2007). These studies provide support for the peripheral limitation hypothesis (Zhang and Wang, 2007).However, MF1 mice (Mus musculus) lactating at ...

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Section: -J Zhaomentioning

confidence: 95%

Energy budget during lactation in striped hamsters at different ambient temperatures

Zhao

2011

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…While the subjects in the present study were nutritionally normal, their nutritional history was different. The average combined heights of the two group (155.8 AE 6.3 cm) was about the 10th percentile of the U.S. National Center for Health Statistics data (Frisancho, 1993) and signi®cantly less (P0 .001) than the height of the subjects studied by Spaaij et al (1994). This is no doubt a re¯ection of the marginal malnutrition during growth which is common in this socioeconomic group in Cali (Spurr & Reina, 1989).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

“…Increased metabolic ef®ciency during lactation has been reported in dairy cattle (Moe, 1981) and rats (Roberts & Coward, 1984), but there is less evidence for such a change in humans. Postprandial thermogenesis in lactating women was reduced by 30% in one study (Illingworth et al, 1986), but was unchanged in others (Spaaij et al, 1994;Piers et al, 1995).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…The higher value averaged 5% in lactating compared to NPNL subjects during all three rounds (Table 2). Although no calculations of delta ef®-ciency were made, the data of Spaaij et al (1994) indicate no difference in ef®ciency during lactation. While the subjects in the present study were nutritionally normal, their nutritional history was different.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Increased muscular efficiency during lactation in Colombian women

1998

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Objective: To determine the muscular ef®ciency of lactating women and compare it to that of nonpregnant, nonlactating (NPNL) women. Design: The study was retrospective. The subjects were selected randomly in the two groups and studied on three occasions (rounds) separated by approximately three months. Subjects: There were 109, 101, and 80 NPNL women and 45, 31 and 16 lactating women in rounds 1, 2 and 3 respectively, 19±43 y of age, living under economically deprived conditions in Cali, Colombia, who participated in the study. Methods: Muscular ef®ciency was measured as delta ef®ciency on a cycle ergometer. Results: Muscular ef®ciency was signi®cantly higher in lactating women in all three rounds compared to NPNL women. In six women it was possible to measure ef®ciency at variable times prior to their pregnancies, and again during lactation about three months post partum. There was a statistically signi®cant (P 0.03) increase in muscular ef®ciency during lactation. Conclusion: Lactation results in about a 5% increase in muscular ef®ciency which may contribute to the adaptation of the mother to the increased energy demands associated with lactation.

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“…The first study to estimate pup rearing costs in sea otters suggested that female energy demands reach twice prepartum levels by the time a pup nears weaning (Thometz et al, 2014); however, this study only examined the metabolic needs of pups and could not account for the energetic cost of milk production. In general, terrestrial mammals exhibit increased resting metabolic rate (RMR) during lactation, although the extent and duration of this increase are highly variable among species (Brockway et al, 1963;Fleming et al, 1981;Garton et al, 1994;Hammond and Diamond, 1992;Harder et al, 1996;Król et al, 2003;Poppitt et al, 1994;Prentice et al, 1989;Spaaij et al, 1994;Speakman and Mcqueenie, 1996;Stephenson and Racey, 1993a,b;Thompson and Nicoll, 1986). In contrast, the cost of milk production in marine mammals appears minimal in the species studied to date (Antarctic and Galapagos fur seals: Costa and Trillmich, 1988; Northern elephant seals: Costa et al, 1986; California sea lions: Williams et al, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The high cost of reproduction in sea otters necessitates unique physiological adaptations

Thometz

Kendall

Richter

et al. 2016

Journal of Experimental Biology

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Superimposed on inherently high basal metabolic demands, the additional energetic requirements of reproduction can push female sea otters beyond physiological limits. Indeed, the resulting energy imbalance contributes to disproportionately high rates of mortality at the end of lactation in this species. To examine and quantify metabolic changes associated with reproduction, we measured the resting metabolic rate (RMR) of a female sea otter across gestation, lactation and non-reproductive periods. Concurrently, measurements were made on a non-breeding control female. Our results suggest that RMR declines during gestation. Conversely, RMR increases during lactation, reaches a peak at 3-4 months postpartum, and remains elevated until weaning. Combining these direct measurements with published data, we found the cost of pup rearing to be significantly higher than previously estimated. High baseline energy demands and limited energy reserves, combined with significant lactation and pup rearing costs, appear to necessitate metabolic and thermal lability during key reproductive stages.

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Effect of lactation on resting metabolic rate and on diet- and work-induced thermogenesis

Cited by 33 publications

References 13 publications

Energy budget during lactation in striped hamsters at different ambient temperatures

Energy budget during lactation in striped hamsters at different ambient temperatures

Increased muscular efficiency during lactation in Colombian women

The high cost of reproduction in sea otters necessitates unique physiological adaptations

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