Effect of L-shaped slots on scour around a bridge abutment

Saad, Neveen Y.; Fattouh, Ehab M.; Mokhtar, Mohamed

doi:10.2166/wpt.2021.037

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…In 2019, firearm injuries and fatalities cost an estimated $410 billion in medical costs, work loss, quality of life lost, and total value of life loss . Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, an estimated 393 million privately owned firearms were distributed among 40% of US homes . Firearms sales surged during the COVID-19 pandemic, with an estimated 7.5 million new firearm owners, and 5.4 million homes previously without firearms now contain firearms .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends and Disparities in Firearm Fatalities in the United States, 1990-2021

et al. 2022

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ImportanceFirearm fatality rates in the United States have reached a 28-year high. Describing the evolution of firearm fatality rates across intents, demographics, and geography over time may highlight high-risk groups and inform interventions for firearm injury prevention.ObjectiveTo understand variations in rates of firearm fatalities stratified by intent, demographics, and geography in the US.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cross-sectional study analyzed firearm fatalities in the US from 1990 to 2021 using data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Heat maps, maximum and mean fatality rate graphs, and choropleth maps of county-level rates were created to examine trends in firearm fatality rates by intent over time by age, sex, race, ethnicity, and urbanicity of individuals who died from firearms. Data were analyzed from December 2018 through September 2022.Main Outcomes and MeasuresRates of firearm fatalities by age, sex, race, ethnicity, urbanicity, and county of individuals killed stratified by specific intent (suicide or homicide) per 100 000 persons per year.ResultsThere were a total of 1 110 421 firearm fatalities from 1990 to 2021 (952 984 among males [85.8%] and 157 165 among females [14.2%]; 286 075 among Black non-Hispanic individuals [25.8%], 115 616 among Hispanic individuals [10.4%], and 672 132 among White non-Hispanic individuals [60.5%]). All-intents total firearm fatality rates per 100 000 persons declined to a low of 10.1 fatalities in 2004, then increased to 14.7 fatalities (45.5% increase) by 2021. From 2014 to 2021, male and female firearm homicide rates per 100 000 persons per year increased from 5.9 to 10.9 fatalities (84.7% increase) and 1.1 to 2.0 fatalities (87.0% increase), respectively. Firearm suicide rates were highest among White non-Hispanic men aged 80 to 84 years (up to 46.8 fatalities/100 000 persons in 2021). By 2021, maximum rates of firearm homicide were up to 22.5 times higher among Black non-Hispanic men (up to 141.8 fatalities/100 000 persons aged 20-24 years) and up to 3.6 times higher among Hispanic men (up to 22.8 fatalities/100 000 persons aged 20-24 years) compared with White non-Hispanic men (up to 6.3 fatalities/100 000 persons aged 30-34 years). Males had higher rates of suicide (14.1 fatalities vs 2.0 fatalities per 100 000 persons in 2021) and homicide (10.9 fatalities vs. 2.0 fatalities per 100 000 persons in 2021) compared with females. Metropolitan areas had higher homicide rates than nonmetropolitan areas (6.6 fatalities vs 4.8 fatalities per 100 000 persons in 2021). Firearm fatalities by county level increased over time, spreading from the West to the South. From 1999 to 2011 until 2014 to 2016, fatalities per 100 000 persons per year decreased from 10.6 to 10.5 fatalities in Western states and increased from 12.8 to 13.9 fatalities in Southern states.Conclusions and RelevanceThis study found marked disparities in firearm fatality rates by demographic group, which increased over the past decade. These findings suggest that public health approaches to reduce firearm violence should consider underlying demographic and geographic trends and differences by intent.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends and Disparities in Firearm Fatalities in the United States, 1990-2021

et al. 2022

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“…Based on the initial Froude's number and water depth of flow, a Python code was run to generate Equations ( 4) and (5) for d s /L a and d s /Y to estimate the maximum scour depth around the abutment. To enhance the predictive power of the equations developed in this study, the valuable dataset, including the Froude's number and water depth of the previous research [52][53][54], was also entertained through Equations ( 4) and (5). For each dataset from previous literature, a standard deviation was determined to determine which dataset fit well with the reference line and the current study.…”

Section: Effect Of Abutment Length and Water Depth On Scourmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to Osroush et al [53], the dataset has a standard deviation of 0.75 and 0.57 for d s /L a and d s /Y, respectively. According to Saad et al [54], the dataset has a standard deviation of 0.52 and 0.58 for d s /L a and d s /Y, respectively. For the current study, the dataset has a standard deviation of 0.25 and 0.40 for d s /L a and d s /Y, respectively.…”

Section: Effect Of Abutment Length and Water Depth On Scourmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The results of each experimental case, that is, without any countermeasure and with countermeasures of marble and brick waste, showed that scour depth around the abutment increased after starting the flow in a channel, which gradually increased up to the maximum level and reached maximum Figure 10. Predicated values of scour depth near the abutment calculated for [52][53][54] and current research using Equations ( 4) and (5).…”

Section: Temporal Variation Of Scourmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mitigating Scour at Bridge Abutments: An Experimental Investigation of Waste Material as an Eco-Friendly Solution

Murtaza,

Khan,

Khedher

et al. 2023

Water

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Scouring around bridge abutments is a crucial and complex process that sometimes may lead to the failure of the bridge abutment. Therefore, in the present research, scouring around bridge abutments under clear water conditions was examined without and with countermeasures for providing an economical solution. A total of forty-five experiments were performed under clear water conditions to find the maximum scour depth around the bridge abutment. Experiments were performed in two different phases. In the first phase, scour depth was investigated without any countermeasures. In the second phase, scour depth was investigated using marble and brick waste as a countermeasure. The results showed that the maximum scour depth around the bridge abutment (at a distance of 10 cm on the upstream side and 15 cm on the downstream side of the abutment) for the Froude’s number of 0.22 was 0.137 m without any countermeasure. The scouring depth increased up to 40% with an increase in the Froude’s number from 0.13 to 0.22. The maximum reduction of scour depth was observed to be 40% and 55% when brick and marble waste were used as a countermeasure, respectively, compared to without a countermeasure case. It was concluded that marble and brick waste not only reduced scour depth to a significant level but also provided an economical solution.

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“…In January 2022, Americans ranked nurses the most honest and ethical professionals for the 20th year in a row (ANA, 2022; Saad, 2022). This is solid evidence that the public understands the normative ethics of nurses.…”

Section: The “Further Upstream and Farther Downstream” Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expanded Conceptual Framework for Ethical Action by Nurses on the “Further Upstream and Farther Downstream” Determinants of Health Equity

Fornili

2022

UJAN

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Determinants of health (DOH) are key predictors of health, wellness, morbidity, and mortality. The more familiar social DOH are not the only DOH. By themselves, the social DOH do not adequately explain how individuals and populations achieve and maintain health equity or inequity. Other DOH also exert political, economic, and institutional forces at all levels of the socioecological systems in which humans interact with their environment. According to the American Nurses Association, the Nursing Code of Ethics is a "non-negotiable moral standard for the profession" (Fowler, 2015a, p. viii). Provision 9 of the Code of Ethics states that social justice is of primary concern for social ethics (p. 159) and that professional nurses are obligated to advocate for and integrate principles of social justice into nursing practice and health policy (p. 151). In search of conceptual explanations for these phenomena, and to locate health equity/inequity within a wide array of upstream DOH, a comprehensive review of the interdisciplinary professional literature and conceptual analysis were conducted. A new conceptual framework that acknowledges nursing's collective responsibility for ethical action for transformative change was developed. The framework addresses both "further upstream" antioppression efforts and "farther downstream" efforts to remediate the impacts of health inequity. The purpose of this Policy Watch column was to introduce a new "Expanded Conceptual Framework for Ethical Action by Nurses on the 'Further Upstream and Farther Downstream' Determinants of Health Equity" (Fornili, 2022).

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Effect of L-shaped slots on scour around a bridge abutment

Cited by 10 publications

References 18 publications

Trends and Disparities in Firearm Fatalities in the United States, 1990-2021

Trends and Disparities in Firearm Fatalities in the United States, 1990-2021

Mitigating Scour at Bridge Abutments: An Experimental Investigation of Waste Material as an Eco-Friendly Solution

Expanded Conceptual Framework for Ethical Action by Nurses on the “Further Upstream and Farther Downstream” Determinants of Health Equity

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