Effect of Kerosene and Its Soot on the Chrysotile-Mediated Toxicity to the Rat Alveolar Macrophages

Arif, Jamal M.; Khan, Sikandar G.; Ahmad, Iqbal; Joshi, L D; Rahman, Qamar

doi:10.1006/enrs.1996.3722

Cited by 18 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 27 publications

(26 reference statements)

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“…In this framework, a recent study with another commercial herbicide—Roundup ® —found that the active ingredient (glyphosate) may be more genotoxic than the formulation, indicating that the surfactant did not contribute to the genotoxicity of the mixture (Guilherme et al, ). Considering that Garlon ® has kerosene among its constituents (as adjuvant/solvent), the contribution of the latter to the overall effect of the formulation should also be taken into account, because of its recognized toxicity (Arif et al, ). However, a USFS (United States Forest Service) report stated that the toxicity of kerosene to aquatic species is approximately 100–1000 folds less than TBEE, suggesting that the acute aquatic toxicity of Garlon ® is dominated by this triclopyr precursor (MMWD, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genotoxicity evaluation of the herbicide Garlon^® and its active ingredient (triclopyr) in fish (Anguilla anguilla L.) using the comet assay

Guilherme

Santos

Gaivão

et al. 2014

Environmental Toxicology

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Triclopyr-based herbicides are broadly used worldwide for site preparation and forest vegetation management. Thus, following application, these agrochemicals can inadvertently reach the aquatic ecosystems. Garlon(®) is one of the most popular commercial denominations of this group of herbicides, considered as highly toxic to fish, even by its manufacturer. Although DNA is frequently regarded as a target of pesticide toxicity, the genotoxic potential of Garlon(®) to fish remains completely unknown. Hence, the main goal of this study was to evaluate the genotoxicity of Garlon(®) and its active ingredient (triclopyr), clarifying the underlying mechanisms. Therefore, the comet assay, implemented as the standard procedure, with an extra step involving DNA lesion-specific repair enzymes (formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase and endonuclease III), was used to identify DNA damage in blood cells of Anguilla anguilla L. Short-term exposures (1 and 3 days) to Garlon(®) and triclopyr were carried out, adopting environmentally realistic concentrations (67.6 and 270.5 µg L(-1) Garlon(®) and 30 and 120 µg L(-1) triclopyr). The results concerning the nonspecific DNA damage proved the risk of the herbicide Garlon(®) and its active ingredient triclopyr in both tested concentrations and exposure lengths. In addition, the higher genotoxic potential of the formulation, in comparison with the active ingredient, was demonstrated. When the additional breaks corresponding to net enzyme-sensitive sites were considered, none of the conditions revealed significant levels of oxidative damage. This identification of the genotoxic properties of triclopyr-based herbicides to fish highlights the need to develop less hazardous formulations, as well as the adoption of mitigation measures related to the application of these agrochemicals in the framework of forestry and agriculture sustainable management.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genotoxicity evaluation of the herbicide Garlon^® and its active ingredient (triclopyr) in fish (Anguilla anguilla L.) using the comet assay

Guilherme

Santos

Gaivão

et al. 2014

Environmental Toxicology

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“…The joint effect was greater than that measured for exposures to soot or asbestos alone. A follow-up study found that rats given intratracheal doses of either kerosene fuel (5 ml) or soot (5 mg) with asbestos exhibited alterations to biochemical parameters indicative of tissue inflammation and injury to alveolar macrophages (Arif et al 1997). Both kerosene soot and chrysotile asbestos were found to be genotoxic on an approximately additive scale when hamster embryo fibroblasts were exposed (Lohani et al 2000).…”

Section: Toxicologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Kerosene: A Review of Household Uses and their Hazards in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

Lam

Smith

Gauthier

et al. 2012

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B

337

246

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Kerosene has been an important household fuel since the mid-19th century. In developed countries its use has greatly declined because of electrification. However, in developing countries, kerosene use for cooking and lighting remains widespread. This review focuses on household kerosene uses, mainly in developing countries, their associated emissions, and their hazards. Kerosene is often advocated as a cleaner alternative to solid fuels, biomass and coal, for cooking, and kerosene lamps are frequently used when electricity is unavailable. Globally, an estimated 500 million households still use fuels, particularly kerosene, for lighting. However, there are few studies, study designs and quality are varied, and results are inconsistent. Well-documented kerosene hazards are poisonings, fires, and explosions. Less investigated are exposures to and risks from kerosene’s combustion products. Some kerosene-using devices emit substantial amounts of fine particulates, carbon monoxide (CO), nitric oxides (NOx), and sulfur dioxide (SO2). Studies of kerosene used for cooking or lighting provide some evidence that emissions may impair lung function and increase infectious illness (including tuberculosis), asthma, and cancer risks. However, there are few study designs, quality is varied, and results are inconsistent. Considering the widespread use in the developing world of kerosene, the scarcity of adequate epidemiologic investigations, the potential for harm, and the implications for national energy policies, researchers are strongly encouraged to consider collecting data on household kerosene uses in studies of health in developing countries. Given the potential risks of kerosene, policymakers may consider alternatives to kerosene subsidies, such as shifting support to cleaner technologies for lighting and cooking.

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“…11,13 The cell pellet was separated and washed twice with PBS in cold condition and counted using a haemocytometer as described earlier. 19 The viability of the AMs was checked with the Trypan blue exclusion test (Ͼ 90% viable cells). The AMs were suspended in PBS at a concentration of 1 × 10 6 cells ml −1 .…”

Section: Isolation Of Alveolar Macrophagementioning

confidence: 99%

Cytotoxicity, pro-oxidant effects and antioxidant depletion in rat lung alveolar macrophages exposed to ultrafine titanium dioxide

et al. 1998

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In order to understand the pulmonary toxicity of ultrafine titanium dioxide (UF‐TiO2) particles, various biochemical and chemical parameters were assayed in rat alveolar macrophages (AMs) and cell‐free lavage fluid. Single intratracheal exposure of UF‐TiO2 (2 mg per rat) caused cytotoxicity to pulmonary AMs. An increase in the population of AMs could be observed, followed by increased activities of lactate dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase in cell‐free lavage fluid. In addition, AMs showed an adaptive response because the activities of glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase and glutathione S‐transferase were increased in these cells. However, this enhancement of antioxidant enzymes could not diminish the enhanced lipid peroxidation and increased rate of hydrogen peroxide generation. The level of glutathione remained decreased in UF‐TiO2‐exposed rat AMs. The data suggest that the induction of antioxidant enzymes by these cells for self‐protection is not sufficient to cope against the toxic action of UF‐TiO2, which may lead to oxidative stress. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Effect of Kerosene and Its Soot on the Chrysotile-Mediated Toxicity to the Rat Alveolar Macrophages

Cited by 18 publications

References 27 publications

Genotoxicity evaluation of the herbicide Garlon^® and its active ingredient (triclopyr) in fish (Anguilla anguilla L.) using the comet assay

Genotoxicity evaluation of the herbicide Garlon^® and its active ingredient (triclopyr) in fish (Anguilla anguilla L.) using the comet assay

Kerosene: A Review of Household Uses and their Hazards in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

Cytotoxicity, pro-oxidant effects and antioxidant depletion in rat lung alveolar macrophages exposed to ultrafine titanium dioxide

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Effect of Kerosene and Its Soot on the Chrysotile-Mediated Toxicity to the Rat Alveolar Macrophages

Cited by 18 publications

References 27 publications

Genotoxicity evaluation of the herbicide Garlon® and its active ingredient (triclopyr) in fish (Anguilla anguilla L.) using the comet assay

Genotoxicity evaluation of the herbicide Garlon® and its active ingredient (triclopyr) in fish (Anguilla anguilla L.) using the comet assay

Kerosene: A Review of Household Uses and their Hazards in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

Cytotoxicity, pro-oxidant effects and antioxidant depletion in rat lung alveolar macrophages exposed to ultrafine titanium dioxide

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Genotoxicity evaluation of the herbicide Garlon^® and its active ingredient (triclopyr) in fish (Anguilla anguilla L.) using the comet assay

Genotoxicity evaluation of the herbicide Garlon^® and its active ingredient (triclopyr) in fish (Anguilla anguilla L.) using the comet assay