Effect of Irrigation Regimes on Trunk and Fruit Growth Rates, Quality and Yield of Apple Trees

Assaf, R.; Levin, I.; Bravdo, B.

doi:10.1080/00221589.1975.11514657

Cited by 21 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…While all studies add to the understanding of apple response to drought stress in general, much of it is not directly applicable to late-season drought stress that might be experienced in the semi-arid environment of the Pacific Northwest. For example, many studies have been conducted in more humid climates, which usually have intermittant precipitation and more variable evaporative demand than semi-arid environments (Assaf et al, 1975;Ferree and Schmid, 1990;Higgs and Jones, 1991;Jones et al, 1985;Li et al, 1989;Naor et al, 1995;Powell, 1976). Much research has studied the feasibility of manipulating plant water deficits early in the season, which shifts growth from vegetative to reproductive organs and thus improves productivity while reducing pruning costs Chalmers et al, 1981;Ebel et al, 1993;Ebel et al, 1995;Mills, et al, 1997;Mitchell and Chalmers, 1982;Mitchell et al, 1986;Mitchell et al, 1984).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Apple Tree and Fruit Responses to Early Termination of Irrigation in a Semi-arid Environment

Ebel¹,

Proebsting²,

Evans³

2001

HortSci

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Drought stress was imposed in two `Delicious' apple (Malu×domestica Borkh.) orchards on a sandy loam soil of different soil depths (0.8 and 1.2 m) in the semi-arid environment of central Washington by withholding irrigation all season or from 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, or 17 weeks before harvest. Total pan evaporation was 1005 mm and precipitation was negligible from May through Sept. Soil of the control trees was near field capacity all season, and stem water potential (Ψstem) averaged -1.29 MPa. Total available soil water (TAW) declined after irrigation was terminated for each treatment. As TAW declined to 35%, the TAW that commercial growers are recommended to allow soil to dry to before irrigating, Ψstem was 93% of the controls, fruit growth rate was 97% of the controls, and leaf senescence did not exceed the control trees. As TAW decreased below 30%, leaves senesced acropetally starting with transition leaves near the bud-scale scar. Soil moisture of nonirrigated trees was depleted in July in the orchard on shallow soil and in late August in the orchard on deep soil. Normal June drop was reduced in the driest treatments, but crop load was not affected in the other treatments. There was no difference in drought response between the two rootstocks studied (M.7 and MM.111), but nonspur-type trees exhibited slightly greater symptoms of drought stress than the smaller spur-type trees. A Crop Water Deficit Index (CWDI) based on Ψstem measurements was linearly related to fruit weight at harvest (r2 = 0.87). All trees were well-watered the following year and yield was reduced only for trees that were severely stressed the previous year.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Apple Tree and Fruit Responses to Early Termination of Irrigation in a Semi-arid Environment

Ebel¹,

Proebsting²,

Evans³

2001

HortSci

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“…However, other researchers showed that apples from non-irrigated plots were firmer than those from irrigated plots (Assaf et al, 1975;Guelfat'Reich et al, 1974;Guelfat'Reich and Ben-Arie, 1979). Assaf et al (1975) indicated that fruit from trees subjected to water deficit were smaller than those from CI trees, which may account for the observed increase in fruit firmness. Leib et al (2006) observed that 'Fuji' apple fruits from trees with DI and PRS treatments were firmer than those from trees with CI treatment.…”

Section: Effect Of Irrigation On Fruit Qualitymentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Previous reports indicate that low water applications may result in a reduction in apple firmness because of the advanced maturity in fruits with water stress (Drake et al, 1981;Mills et al, 1994). However, other researchers showed that apples from non-irrigated plots were firmer than those from irrigated plots (Assaf et al, 1975;Guelfat'Reich et al, 1974;Guelfat'Reich and Ben-Arie, 1979). Assaf et al (1975) indicated that fruit from trees subjected to water deficit were smaller than those from CI trees, which may account for the observed increase in fruit firmness.…”

Section: Effect Of Irrigation On Fruit Qualitymentioning

confidence: 98%

Efficient Irrigation for Optimum Fruit Quality and Yield in Apples

Fallahi¹,

Neilsen²,

Neilsen³

et al. 2010

horts

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Use of crop evapotranspiration (ETc), when a precise crop coefficient value (Kc) is used, provides a reliable tool (irrigation scheduling) for determination of water requirement. In this process, Kc should be modified by percentage of ground shade (GS) and tree canopy maturity (M). In an experiment in Idaho with ET-based irrigation scheduling, each tree with a full microjet sprinkler system received an average of 6461.7 L (994 mm), whereas each one with a full drip system used 3996 L (614.1 mm) of irrigation water. In general, deficit drip irrigation was shown to initially increase yield as a result of induction of stress and the production of a higher number of fruit spurs. However, production declined if the extreme water deficiency was repeatedly applied to the trees over several years. Using a microjet sprinkler system, a partial root zone drying regime reduced fruit size but slightly improved fruit color. Application of water at 65% full drip rate, applied on both sides of the tree row (DD), reduced fruit size. However, when the 65% of full drip rate was applied to only one of the alternating sides of the tree every other week (PRD), fruit size was larger than those with DD treatment.

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“…Previous reports have indicated that a reduction in water application may result in a reduction in apple firmness, relating this observation to the advanced maturity in fruit with water stress (Drake et al, 1981;Mills et al, 1994). However, other studies have shown that apples from nonirrigated plots were firmer than those from irrigated plots because fruit from nontreated plots had smaller size (Assaf et al, 1975).…”

mentioning

confidence: 96%

Influence of Rootstock and Irrigation Methods on Water Use, Mineral Nutrition, Growth, Fruit Yield, and Quality in ‘Gala’ Apple

Fallahi¹

2012

hortte

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The increasing trend in the world population and decreasing trend in the suitable land for fruit production, combined with a shortage of water, mandate the use of efficient methods of irrigation and establishment of high-density orchards that require size-controlling rootstocks. Method of irrigation and vigor of rootstock are among the most important factors affecting uptake of mineral nutrients, and thus tree growth and fruit yield and quality attributes of apple (Malus domestica). In a long-term experiment, effects of two irrigation methods and four rootstocks on water use, tree growth, fruit quality, and leaf mineral nutrients were studied in ‘Pacific Gala’ apple. The experiment was conducted in southwestern Idaho, which represents the high desert conditions of the Intermountain West region of the United States. Evapotranspiration-based irrigation scheduling (ETc), adjusted by percentage of ground shading, was used for sprinkler and drip systems. Significantly lower volume of water was applied to the trees with drip irrigation than those with sprinkler irrigation system. Leaf calcium (Ca) decreased but leaf potassium (K) increased with rootstock vigor, resulting in the greatest leaf Ca but lowest leaf K in trees on ‘Budagovsky 9’ (B.9). Fruit weight and yield per tree in ‘Pacific Gala’ on ‘Nic 29’ (RN29) rootstock was higher than those on B.9 and ‘Geneva 30’ (G.30) rootstocks. ‘Pacific Gala’ on B.9 rootstock had smaller trees and fruit size but higher fruit starch degradation pattern (SDP), suggesting earlier fruit maturity on this rootstock. On average, ‘Pacific Gala’ trees with drip irrigation had larger fruit and higher leaf magnesium (Mg) and manganese (Mn) but less fruit color and firmness and lower leaf Ca, K, zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) than those with sprinkler system.

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Effect of Irrigation Regimes on Trunk and Fruit Growth Rates, Quality and Yield of Apple Trees

Cited by 21 publications

References 3 publications

Apple Tree and Fruit Responses to Early Termination of Irrigation in a Semi-arid Environment

Apple Tree and Fruit Responses to Early Termination of Irrigation in a Semi-arid Environment

Efficient Irrigation for Optimum Fruit Quality and Yield in Apples

Influence of Rootstock and Irrigation Methods on Water Use, Mineral Nutrition, Growth, Fruit Yield, and Quality in ‘Gala’ Apple

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