“…Among the inorganic species found in bank-filtered water, Fe has drawn the most attention from researchers (Ray, 2002;Kedziorek et al, 2009;Othman et al, 2015;Grischek & Paufler, 2017). Although Fe is non-toxic, its presence could be associated with that of toxic metals in the filtrate because some Fe minerals in the aquifer might contain Mn, arsenic (As), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn) as trace elements (Dowling et al, 2002;Lorenzen et al, 2010;Xie et al, 2015). In addition, Fe precipitates may clog the wells and the aquifer porous network, thereby reducing the overall efficiency of RBF systems (Antoniou et al, 2012;Grischek et al, 2017).…”