Effect of insulating liquid viscosity on output force of a high-power synchronous electrostatic motor

Design principles for a single-process 3D-printed stacked dielectric actuators — Theory and experiment

“…Electrical impedance. The modeled electrical impedance (21) of the 3Dprinted actuators is compared with the measured impedance in Fig. 10.…”

“…Dynamic solid-state actuators introduced in recent years enable a variety of devices with diverse capabilities. Some actuation mechanisms, such as electrostatic [20,21], piezoelectric [22,23], electromagnetic [24], and dielectric [25], are known for their fast response times and have been used in the creation of microbeam [26] and membrane [27] resonators, membrane speakers [28], and fast-switching liquid electrodes [51] or liquid dielectric [52], and dielectric minimumenergy structures (DEMES) [53,54]. The extensive configurations show applicability in various fields, e.g., robots with dielectric muscles [55] that are able to walk [56], swim [57], jump [58,59] and fly [60], applications in medicine, such as active lenses [61], tremor control [62], prosthetic [63], and soft haptic feedback devices [64], low-power dielectric grippers [54], micro-and nanopositioning systems [65], and vibro-acoustics, such as resonators [26,27], loudspeakers [28], and vibro-isolation [27,66].…”