Effect of inescapable shock on subsequent escape performance: Catecholaminergic and cholinergic mediation of response initiation and maintenance

Anisman, Hymie; Remington, Gary; Sklar, Lawrence S.

doi:10.1007/bf00426724

Cited by 288 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…In tests with mice (Anisman, de Catanzaro, & Remington, 1978;Anisman, Irwin, & Sklar, 1979;Anisman, Remington, & Sklar, 1979), exposure to stress produced increased synthesis and utilization of norepinephrine and possibly dopamine. Furthermore, if effective coping responses were not available (e.g., inescapable shock), then amine utilization increased to the point at which it exceeded the rate of synthesis and thus led to a net amine depletion.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of shock controllability by dominant rats on subsequent attack and defensive behaviors toward colony intruders

Williams

1982

Animal Learning & Behavior

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Thirty colonies, each consisting of a female and two male adult albino rats, remained intact for an a-week period. Naive conspecific intruders were then introduced into each colony for a 10-min test for 5 consecutive days. Videotapes of the tests were scored for aggressive and defensive behaviors. In every colony, aggression was greatest for a single alpha male. The alpha rats were randomly given one of three treatments: wheel-turn escape training, inescapable yoked shock, or restraint without shock. The alpha rats were then returned to their colonies and an intruder test was given 26 h later. Significant decreases in aggressive responses and increases in defensive behaviors occurred in the alpha yoked group but not in the other alpha groups. The nonalpha colony partners of the alpha yoked rats showed the opposite changes following the treatment. A final intruder test 72 h later revealed that the deficits in aggression of the alpha yoked group were still present but that the behaviors of most of the other groups were beginning to return to their respective pretreatment levels. These findings were discussed in terms of the concept of learned helplessness and alternative theoretical explanations.The finding that prior exposure to inescapable, as opposed to escapable, shock can have dramatic behavioral and physiological consequences has generated much research and theoretical interest (cf. Maier & Seligman, 1976;Sklar & Anisman, 1981). The presentation of inescapable shock has been shown to interfere with the ability of a variety of speciesto later learn a novel response to escape shock (e.g., Anisman, Suissa, & Sklar, 1980;Maier, Albin, & Testa, 1973;Overmier& Seligman, 1967) or to' learn an appetitive operant task (Rosselini, 1978). Transituational deficits resulting from inescapable shock have also been found in tests of nonassociative or unlearned behaviors, such as nonreinforced shuttlebox running (e.g., Maier, Coon, McDaniel, Jackson, & Grau, 1979) and tail flicks to nociceptive stimuli (e.g., that shock-elicited aggression reflects attack or aggressive tendencies has been vehemently challenged on a number of grounds by Blanchard and his col- . First, the specific behaviors typically seen during shock-elictied aggression are very similar to those shown by colony intruder rats under attack and do not resemble the fighting pattern of a dominant male resident in an established colony. Second, the forelimb movements that have typically been interpreted as "striking" during shock-elicited aggression have been shown to partially represent uncontrolled movements elicited by the footshock when the forelimbs are suspended or when the rat is engaged in defensive boxing. Third, the majority of the bites and wounds made by rats during elicited aggression are directed at the conspecific's head region. This target area is far more typical of the defensive behavior of an intruder than the attack fighting of a dominant male in a colony setting.In addition to being a questionable measure of attack behavior, elicited aggressi...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of shock controllability by dominant rats on subsequent attack and defensive behaviors toward colony intruders

Williams

1982

Animal Learning & Behavior

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“…Dopamine (DA) agonists, such as quinpirole, pergolide, piribedil and bromocriptine have been shown to possess antidepressant-like properties in animal studies and therapeutic action in depressed patients (Anisman et al, 1979;Izumi et al, 2000;Muscat et al, 1992;Waehrens and Gerlach, 1981;Brocco et al, 2006). Pramipexole (PPX) is a D 2 /D 3 receptor agonist customarily used in treatment of Parkinson's disease and restless legs syndrome (Guttman and Jaskolka, 2001;Piercey, 1998;Reichmann et al, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustained Administration of Pramipexole Modifies the Spontaneous Firing of Dopamine, Norepinephrine, and Serotonin Neurons in the Rat Brain

Chernoloz

Mansari

Blier

2008

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Pramipexole (PPX) is a D 2 /D 3 receptor agonist that has been shown to be effective in the treatment of depression. Serotonin (5-HT), norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) systems are known to be involved in the pathophysiology and treatment of depression. Due to reciprocal interactions between these neuronal systems, drugs selectively targeting one system-specific receptor can indirectly modify the firing activity of neurons that contribute to firing patterns in systems that operate via different neurotransmitters. It was thus hypothesized that PPX would alter the firing rate of DA, NE and 5-HT neurons. To test this hypothesis, electrophysiological experiments were carried out in anesthetized rats. Subcutaneously implanted osmotic minipumps delivered PPX at a dose of 1 mg/kg per day for 2 or 14 days. After a 2-day treatment with PPX the spontaneous neuronal firing of DA neurons was decreased by 40%, NE neuronal firing by 33% and the firing rate of 5-HT neurons remained unaltered. After 14 days of PPX treatment, the firing rate of DA had recovered as well as that of NE, whereas the firing rate of 5-HT neurons was increased by 38%. It was also observed that sustained PPX administration produced desensitization of D 2 /D 3 and 5-HT 1A cell body autoreceptors, as well as a decrease in sensitivity of a 2 -adrenergic cell body autoreceptors. These adaptive changes are implicated in long-term firing rate adaptations of DA, NE and 5-HT neurons after prolonged PPX administration. In conclusion, the therapeutic action of PPX in depression might be attributed to increased DA and 5-HT neurotransmission.

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“…Behavioral deficits induced by inescapable shock are due to a [.. p reduction in brain norepinephrine and dopamine and to an increase in acetylcholine levels (1, 3, 38). Pharmacological treatments that deplete central catecholamines mimic the behavioral effects of inescapable shock, whereas treatments that increase catecholamine activity eliminate such effects (2,4,17). Death, resulting from the stress of an uncontrollable environmental contingency, has been shown to result from sympathetic over-stimulation of the heart and adrenergic depletion (32).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavioral and Physiological Effects of Psychological Stress in Rats.

Lanum¹,

Campbell²,

Blick³

et al. 1982

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Effect of inescapable shock on subsequent escape performance: Catecholaminergic and cholinergic mediation of response initiation and maintenance

Cited by 288 publications

References 34 publications

Influence of shock controllability by dominant rats on subsequent attack and defensive behaviors toward colony intruders

Influence of shock controllability by dominant rats on subsequent attack and defensive behaviors toward colony intruders

Sustained Administration of Pramipexole Modifies the Spontaneous Firing of Dopamine, Norepinephrine, and Serotonin Neurons in the Rat Brain

Behavioral and Physiological Effects of Psychological Stress in Rats.

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