Effect of Indoleacetic Acid and Related Indoles on Lactobacillus sp. Strain 11201 Growth, Indoleacetic Acid Catabolism, and 3-Methylindole Formation

Abstract

A study was conducted to determine the activity of the 3-methylindole (3MI)-forming enzyme in Lactobacillus sp. strain 11201. Cells were incubated anaerobically with 17 different indolic and aromatic compounds. Indoleacetic acid (IAA), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, 5-methoxy-3-indoleacetic acid, indole-3-pyruvate, or indole-3-propionic acid induced 3MI-forming activity. The highest total enzyme activity induced by IAA was observed in cells incubated with an initial concentration of 1.14 mM IAA. Peak activity of the 3MI-forming enzyme occurred 4 h after bacteria were incubated with either 0.114 or 1.14 mM IAA. Enzyme activity peaked earlier (2 h) and disappeared more rapidly at 5.7 mM IAA than at other concentrations of IAA. The effects of IAA and 3MI on the growth of Lactobacilus sp. strain 11201 and formation of 3MI from IAA also were determined. Bacterial growth and 3MI formation from IAA were reduced in medium containing exogenous 3MI. The growth depression observed in medium containing 5.7 mM IAA appears to be due to the toxicity of 3MI rather than IAA. The formation of 3MI in this ruminal Lactobacillus sp. is mediated by an inducible enzyme, and as 3MI accumulates, bacterial growth and rates of 3MI formation from IAA are reduced.

Bridging intestinal immunity and gut microbiota by metabolites

“…Longum , Bifidobacterium pseudolongum , Clostridium perfringens , Peptostreptococcus asaccharolyticus , Clostridium sporogenes , Lactobacillus paracasei , Lactobacillus reuteri , Lactobacillus murinus , Bifidobacterium spp [61, 62, 64–66]Indolepropionic acid (IPA) Clostridium sporogenes , Clostridium botulinum , Clostridium caloritolerans , Peptostreptococcus russellii , Peptostreptococcus anaerobius , Peptostreptococcus stomatis [58, 63]Skatole Clostridium drakei , Clostridium scatologenes , Lactobacillus spp. [67, 68]Indolealdehyde (IAld) Lactobacillus reuteri , Lactobacillus murinus [65]Tryptamine Clostridium sporogenes , Ruminococcus gnavus [69]Bile acidsSecondary bile acids Clostridium scindens , Ruminococcus gnavus , Bacteroides fragilis , Bacteroides vulgatus , Clostridium perfringens , Peptostreptococcus productus , Pseudomonas testosteroni , Lactobacillus plantarum , Bifidobacterium , Clostridium hiranonis , Eubacterium [70–77]Oxo- (or keto) bile acids Eubacterium lentum , Clostridium perfringens , Ruminococcus. ganvus [78–80]ArgininePolyamines Bacteroides fragilis , Shigella flexneri , Streptococcus pneumoniae [81–83]HistidineHistamine Lactobacillus rhamnosus [84]…”

The algicidal activity of Aeromonas sp. strain GLY‐2107 against bloom‐forming Microcystis aeruginosa is regulated by N‐acyl homoserine lactone‐mediated quorum sensing

“…3‐methylindole is an indole derivative produced by the bacterial metabolism of amino acids (Medzhitov et al ., ); in this study, it is reported as an algicidal active substance for the first time. Before this study, Honeyfield and Carlson () found that 3‐methylindole is toxic to the growth of Lactobacillus sp. strain 11201.…”

Characterization of skatole-producing microbial populations in enriched swine lagoon slurry

“…In this, and a previous study, we found that addition of IAA to dilution cultures increased skatole production more than 10‐fold over that in SLS samples with no IAA added (Cook & Loughrin, 2006). Other researchers have also found that supplementation with IAA enhances skatole formation by pure and mixed cultures (Yokoyama & Carlson, 1981; Honeyfield & Carlson, 1990; Jensen et al , 1995, Mohammed et al , 2003). In addition to higher concentrations of skatole, the highest dilution culture with positive skatole production increased over time.…”

“…Addition of intermediate indolic or aromatic compounds increases the formation of skatole (Yokoyama & Carlson, 1979; Honeyfield & Carlson, 1990; Cook & Loughrin, 2006). Microbial species are capable of the complete synthesis of skatole from l ‐tryptophan or only by the decarboxylation of indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA), skatole's proximate precursor (Yokoyama & Carlson, 1981; Jensen et al , 1995).…”