Effect of Incubation and Brooding on Fat, Visceral Weights and Body Weight of the Hen Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus)

Breitenbach, Robert P.; Meyer, Roland K.

doi:10.3382/ps.0381014

Cited by 32 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 29 publications

(19 reference statements)

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“…There usually follows an abrupt decline while the clutch is being laid. This decline is continued during incubation in anseriforms and galliforms (Breitenbach and Meyer 1959, Redfield 1973, Korschgen 1977, Ankney and MacInnes 1978 while it ceases in passerines and raptors to be substituted by constancy or even increases (Nice 1937, Petersen 1955, Dowsett-Lemaire and Collette 1980, Askenmo 1982, Ricklefs and Hussell 1984, Wijnandts 1984, Newton 1986. It is only after hatching that body mass decreases further in females of these species to reach a new period of stability at the end of the nestling period.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Body-Mass Variation in Breeding Northern Wheatears: A Field Experiment with Supplementary Food

Moreno

1989

The Condor

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Changes in body mass of breeding Northern Wheatears, Oenanthe oenanthe, on the island of Oland, south Sweden, were monitored during 1985-1987 in the context of a food provisioning experiment. Individuals were weighed periodically by attracting them to feeders which were placed on electronic digital balances. Rations of 7 g of mealworms per visiting individual were offered daily on certain territories (in 1987, some individuals were offered rations of 4.5 and 9 g). Unprovisioned birds were captured and weighed during the study. Males maintained constant body masses throughout the season. Females increased in mass up to laying, maintained relatively large masses during incubation, and dropped in mass by 14% during the first week after the young hatched. Mass then attained constant levels until the time ofoffspring independence. There was a positive correlation between brood size and the masses of unprovisioned females during the late nestling phase. Extra food had a positive effect on the general mass level of females but not of males. However, provisioning had no significant effect on the masses of females feeding thermoregulating nestlings, indicating that reproductive stress is not important in determining posthatching mass losses. All females lost mass after hatching, and the heaviest lost proportionally more. Extra food was delivered almost exclusively to the chicks a few days after hatching. Females apparently maintain reserves during incubation and transfer them to the young after hatching by a voluntary shift in the allocation of collected food. Males do not store reserves and have therefore no scope for significant mass changes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Body-Mass Variation in Breeding Northern Wheatears: A Field Experiment with Supplementary Food

Moreno

1989

The Condor

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“…Breitenbach and Meyer (1959) found that molt of primaries in ring-necked pheasants was suppressed during lay and incubation but accelerated after the clutch had hatched. High estrogen and androgen levels can inhibit molting in domestic fowl (Himeno and Tanabe, 1957), so that birds still in egg production would be expected to have lower molt scores than those out-of-production.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Primary Feather Molt and Serum Luteinizing Hormone Concentration in Chukar Partridge (Alectoris chukar) During a Photoperiodically Induced Molt With or Without Fasting

Meyer

Millam

1986

Poultry Science

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In two experiments, 135 adult chukar partridge of two genetic lines, one selected for high egg production and a random-bred control line, were induced to molt by reducing photoperiod from 16 hr light/day to 8 hr light/day on Day 0. In Experiment 1, feed was removed from approximately half the birds on Day 0 and returned on Day 7. Birds in Experiment 2 were not fasted. Photoperiod was increased to 16 hr light/day on Day 56. Primary feather molt scores, body weights, and, in Experiment 2, serum luteinizing hormone (LH) levels were monitored weekly through Day 85. Prior to the short day period, birds selected for high egg production and females had lower molt scores than controls or males, respectively. Fasting had no effect on molt scores, egg production, or body weights (except during the fasting period). Selected-line birds returned to lay approximately 3 days earlier and laid approximately 16 more eggs during the second production period than controls. Six days before photoperiod was reduced, immunoreactive serum LH levels were 5 to 8 ng/ml; they declined during short days to about 4 ng/ml. Within 8 days after relighting, LH levels increased to approximately 33 ng/ml in males and 18 ng/ml in females. Luteinizing hormone levels remained elevated in males throughout the subsequent 4 weeks but declined in females as egg production resumed.

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“…Sublethal effects.-It is possible that additional nonresident birds, e.g., Myrtle Warblers, may have died after their departure from Hanover. Since fat depletion occurs during breeding season (Baldwin and Kendeigh 1938;Breitenbach and Meyer 1959), sublethal quantities accumulated by migrants may then become lethal. Furthermore, it has been shown that sublethal amounts of DDT caused an impairment of reproductive success in caged Ring-necked Pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) and quail (Genelly and Rudd 1956;DeWitt 1955DeWitt , 1956, and in American Woodcock (Philohela minor) under field conditions (Wright 1965).…”

Section: The Other Phase ( > So Ppm) Contains 20mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mortality in spring.-Mortality in 1963 occurred chiefly in late April and May, and diminished during early summer; this finding is consistent with other studies (Barker 1958;Hickey and Hunt 1960b;Wallace 1962). Mortality thus coincides with breeding season, when increased fat utilization (Baldwin and Kendeigh 1938;Breitenbach and Meyer 1959) may quickly concentrate RES in vital organs. Spring Robin mortality also could be explained by territorial behavior (Young 1951); a bird may then be restricted to feeding in a contaminated area for at least a month.…”

Section: General Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bird Mortality Following DDT Spray for Dutch Elm Disease

Wurster¹,

Wurster²,

Strickland³

1965

Ecology

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Avian populations in Hanover, N. H., a town that has sprayed its elms with DDT for many years in an attempt to control Dutch elm disease, were compared with those in Norwich, Vt., a town 1 mile (1.6 km) west of Hanover that has never sprayed. Hanover applied 109 lb DDT/acre (2.1 kg/hectare) in April 1963, then used Methoxychlor in April 1964. Population surveys were taken regularly during spring and early summer of these years, dead birds were collected in both towns, and 106 birds were analyzed for DDT, DDE, and DDD. Severe mortality of both resident and migrant birds occurred in Hanover during spring 1963, and the evidence implicates DDT as its cause. Robin loss was estimated at 70% of the resident population, or 350 to 400 individuals, but mortality among other species of widely varied feeding habits was also substantial. Feeding habits suggest that some birds acquired the toxicant by eating living insects carrying DDT, presenting the paradox of survival of the intended DDT victims, and death, instead, of insectivorous birds. Organ and whole bird analyses are presented and criteria for establishing cause of death are discussed. Most of the DDT had been converted to DDE and DDD, and residues were found in all organs analyzed. Robin mortality was reduced, but not eliminated following Methoxychlor application in 1964; these losses were believed caused by residual DDT in the soil. There was no evidence DDT poisoning among other species in 1964, though the dead birds collected were not analyzed.

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Effect of Incubation and Brooding on Fat, Visceral Weights and Body Weight of the Hen Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus)

Cited by 32 publications

References 29 publications

Body-Mass Variation in Breeding Northern Wheatears: A Field Experiment with Supplementary Food

Body-Mass Variation in Breeding Northern Wheatears: A Field Experiment with Supplementary Food

Primary Feather Molt and Serum Luteinizing Hormone Concentration in Chukar Partridge (Alectoris chukar) During a Photoperiodically Induced Molt With or Without Fasting

Bird Mortality Following DDT Spray for Dutch Elm Disease

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