Effect of increased kick frequency on propelling efficiency and muscular co-activation during underwater dolphin kick

Yamakawa, Keisuke; Shimojo, Hiroto; Takagi, Hideki; Tsubakimoto, Shozo; Sengoku, Yasuo

doi:10.1016/j.humov.2017.06.002

Cited by 28 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Measurements were taken on the following eight muscles on the right side of each swimmer: rectus abdominis (RA), internal abdominal muscle (IO), rectus femoris (RF), erector spinae (ES), multifidus (MF), tibialis anterior (TA), thigh biceps (BF), and gastrocnemius (GS). Measurements were taken according to previous studies on UUS (Yamakawa et al, 2017). The electrodes were placed as follows: RA, 3 cm lateral to the umbilicus (Okubo et al, 2010b); IO, ∼1 cm medial and inferior to the ASIS (Ng et al, 1998); RF, on the belly of the muscle corresponding to the central point between the ASIS and the upper margin of the patella (Hermens et al, 1999); ES, 3 cm lateral to the L4 spinous process (Okubo et al, 2010b); MF, 2 cm lateral to the lumbar (L) 5 spinous process (Okubo et al, 2010a); TA, at 1/3 on the line between the tip of the fibula and the tip of the medial malleolus (Hermens et al, 1999); BF, at the midpoint of the line between the ischial tuberosity and the lateral epicondyle of the tibia (Hermens et al, 1999); and GS, on the largest bulge of the medial head of the GS muscle (Hermens et al, 1999).…”

Section: Data Measurementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The experimental protocol was similar to that used by Yamakawa et al (2017). The experimental task comprised a 15-m prone UUS.…”

Section: Data Measurementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast, few studies have examined UUS using electromyography (EMG) (Barthels and Adrian, 1971;Martens et al, 2015b;Yamakawa et al, 2017). Few have evaluated the co-contractions of the main movement and antagonist muscles (Jammes et al, 2010;Yamakawa et al, 2017). Although this evaluation method could assess the coordination between agonist and antagonist muscles, it was difficult to evaluate the coordination among multiple muscles.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Muscle Synergy of the Underwater Undulatory Swimming in Elite Male Swimmers

Matsuura

Matsunaga

Iizuka

et al. 2020

Front. Sports Act. Living

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Improving the performance of underwater undulatory swimming (UUS) improves swimming time, so it is important to identify the pattern of muscle coordination in swimmers with fast UUS. This study aimed to identify muscular coordination in the trunk and lower limb during UUS in elite swimmers. Nine swimmers (aged 20 ± 2 years; height, 1.74 ± 0.03 m; weight, 73.0 ± 4.4 kg) participated in this study. Measurements were taken by electromyography of eight muscles: rectus abdominis (RA), internal abdominal muscle (IO), rectus femoris (RF), erector spinae (ES), multifidus (MF), tibialis anterior (TA), and thigh biceps (BF), and gastrocnemius (GS). For evaluation of muscle coordination, “muscle synergy” and “activation coefficient” were calculated using non-negative matrix factorization from electromyographic data. Kick frequency, kick amplitude, swim velocity, and kinematics of the pelvis were also calculated. Kick cycle was divided into two kick phases: downward kick (from the highest toe vertical coordinate to the lowest point) and upward kick (from the lowest point to the highest point). Kick frequency, kick amplitude, and swimming velocity were 1.9 ± 0.3 Hz, 0.45 ± 0.6 m, and 1.8 ± 0.2 m·s −1 , respectively. The maximum backward pelvic tilt was 94.4 ± 4.5° and the minimum (forward) was 90.8 ± 5.7°. Three muscle synergy values were extracted from each swimmer during UUS: those involved in the transition from upward kick to downward kick (Synergy 1), downward kick (Synergy 2), and upward kick (Synergy 3). Synergy 1 involved mainly the RF, IO, and RA, which were activated during the turn from the upward to the downward phase. Synergy 2 involved mainly the MF, ES, and TA in the downward kick. Synergy 3 corresponded to the coordination of the BF and GS, which were active in the upward kick. In UUS by elite swimmers, both the upward kick and downward kick followed the trunk muscles involved in the pelvic forward–backward tilt movement, and lower limb muscles were activated. Muscle coordination based on pelvic forward-backward tilt during UUS is expected to contribute to the coaching field for elite swimmer development.

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Section: Data Measurementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The experimental protocol was similar to that used by Yamakawa et al (2017). The experimental task comprised a 15-m prone UUS.…”

Section: Data Measurementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Muscle Synergy of the Underwater Undulatory Swimming in Elite Male Swimmers

Matsuura

Matsunaga

Iizuka

et al. 2020

Front. Sports Act. Living

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show abstract

“…To evaluate muscle activity, the surface EMG of six muscles (rectus abdominis, erector spinae, rectus femoris, biceps femoris, tibialis anterior, and gastrocnemius) were measured using a wireless recorder with an 8-channel EMG logger (Biolog2, S&ME Inc., Japan). From all the collected data, the kinematic and EMG parameters were calculated according to the method described by Yamakawa et al [1]. All data are reported as the mean and standard deviation (Mean±SD).…”

Section: Experimental Design Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We investigated the effects of synchronizing kick frequency with the beat of a metronome on kinematic and electromyographic (EMG) parameters during the underwater dolphin kick as a pilot study related to the research that entitled “ Effect of increased kick frequency on propelling efficiency and muscular co-activation during underwater dolphin kick” (Yamakawa et al, 2017) [1]. Seven collegiate female swimmers participated in this experiment.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinematic and EMG data during underwater dolphin kick change while synchronizing with or without synchronization of kick frequency with the beat of a metronome

et al. 2017

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We investigated the effects of synchronizing kick frequency with the beat of a metronome on kinematic and electromyographic (EMG) parameters during the underwater dolphin kick as a pilot study related to the research that entitled “Effect of increased kick frequency on propelling efficiency and muscular co-activation during underwater dolphin kick” (Yamakawa et al., 2017) [1]. Seven collegiate female swimmers participated in this experiment. The participants conducted two underwater dolphin kick trials: swimming freely at maximum effort, and swimming while synchronizing the kick frequency of maximum effort with the beat of a metronome. The kinematic parameters during the underwater dolphin kick were calculated by 2-D motion analysis, and surface electromyographic measurements were taken from six muscles (rectus abdominis, erector spinae, rectus femoris, biceps femoris, tibialis anterior, and gastrocnemius). The results revealed no significant differences in the kinematic and EMG parameters between trials of the two swimming techniques. Therefore, the action of synchronizing the kick frequency with the beat of a metronome did not affect movement or muscle activity during the underwater dolphin kick in this experiment.

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