Effect of inclusions on fatigue behaviour of hardened spring steel

Larsson, Mats; Melander, Arne; Nordgren, A.

doi:10.1179/026708393790171980

Cited by 9 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Furthermore, composition change of slag would also result in the change of physical properties such as viscosity, which influences the absorption ability of inclusion. Soluble oxygen in steel melts depended on [Al] in steel and activity of alumina in slag with Al deoxidation, as expressed by equations (1) and (2). Activity of elements in steel melts can be estimated by equation ( Table 3, while activities of alumina in slags were estimated by empirical equation (4) given by Ohta and Suito, 12 and were estimated to be about 0?009-0?013, 0?005-0?008 and 0?023-0?026 in slags A, B and C respectively.…”

Section: Effects Of Slag System On To In Steel Meltsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a result, not only total oxygen (TO) content is required to further reduce population of inclusions but also better characterisation of inclusions, such as smaller size, regular shape and lower melting point. [1][2][3][4] Al deoxidation is commonly applied to produce low oxygen steel because of strong affinity to oxygen. However, hard, irregular and high melting temperature alumina are easily formed in large amounts, which act as stress concentration sources and are very harmful to final antifatigue properties of steel.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Study on refining slags targeting high cleanliness and lower melting temperature inclusions in Al killed steel

Jiang

Wang

2012

Ironmaking & Steelmaking

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Three high basicity slags (A, B and C) were used in laboratory to refine Al killed steel to target high oxide cleanliness and low melting temperature inclusions. Inclusions were of CaO-MgO-Al 2 O 3 -SiO 2 system after 90 min reaction, parts of which were MgO based. Total oxygen were in the range of 0?0007-0?0010 and 0?0005-0?0010% respectively when slag A (CaO/SiO 2 , 6-8; Al 2 O 3 , ,40%) and slag B (CaO/SiO 2 , 6-8; Al 2 O 3 , ,30%) were applied, with inclusions all in spherical shape and mainly ,5 mm. Inclusion composition concentrated in or around the lower melting point region (,1500uC) under slag A, while it became more scattered under slag B. Total oxygen varied between 0?0008 and 0?0011% under slag C (CaO/SiO 2 , 3-4; Al 2 O 3 , about 20-25%). Many of the inclusions were in larger size, irregular morphology and located far away from the lower melting point region. Formation of MgO based inclusions closely related to solubility behaviour of MgO in the slag.

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Section: Effects Of Slag System On To In Steel Meltsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study on refining slags targeting high cleanliness and lower melting temperature inclusions in Al killed steel

Jiang

Wang

2012

Ironmaking & Steelmaking

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“…[32][33] The local stress is even greater if the particle is located at a free surface rather than in the bulk. 34 Further, the likelihood of particle cracking increases with increasing particle diameter, [35][36] and larger particles have been found to fail at lower strains in metal-matrix composites. [37][38] Consequently, the cracking of hard particles in a soft matrix, as well as the particle size dependence of the cracking, should be expected.…”

Section: Corrosion Science Sectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxide-Induced Initiation of Stress Corrosion Cracking in Irradiated Stainless Steel

Cookson¹,

Was²,

Andresen³

1998

CORROSION

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Stainless steel (SS) samples were irradiated with protons at 400°C and strained in 288°C water to examine the role of oxide particles in the irradiation-assisted stress corrosion cracking (IASCC) process. Oxides in the matrix acted as the predominant crack initiation sites, and the amount of cracking scaled with oxide density. Intergranular cracking occurred by mechanical failure of oxide particles that created electrochemical crevices and stress concentrators from which intergranular cracks could propagate. Relatively few of the cracked oxide particles actually led to intergranular cracking in the matrix, which was consistent with the requirement that the crack tip solution had to be deaerated for an aggressive crevice chemistry to form and that the cracks in the oxides had to be well aligned with susceptible grain boundaries. Intergranular cracking occurred only when both the SS was irradiated and when straining was conducted in hightemperature water. This observation supported an IASCC mechanism that required an aggressive environment and an irradiated microstructure.

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“…Compressive residual stresses in the surface layers of rods subjected to tensile stressing are desirable because crack propagation is hindered or suppressed. 12 The specimens on which residual stress measurements were carried out were randomly cut from the round rods and as a consequence there is a considerable spread of the residual stress values obtained. To circumvent this problem, the standard deviation of residual stress Sm(i) in every depth segment (where i denotes the ith depth segment) was calculated.…”

Section: Grinding Stagementioning

confidence: 99%

“…These remain as residual stresses and may cause crack development. 12 During grinding stage 1, layers to a depth of approximately 0·3 mm were removed and with them also the highest compressive stresses. In this type of grinding a very broad grinding wheel is normally used.…”

Section: Grinding Stagementioning

confidence: 99%

Residual stresses in spring steel round rods subjected to two separate manufacturing processes

Kovač¹

1994

Materials Science and Technology

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The residual stresses remaining after each individual production phase in two separate manufacturing processes involving production of round rods from .4830 (BS 735 A 50, AISI 6150) are discussed. Thefirst manufacturing process comprises annealing, straightening, grinding stage 1, and grinding stage 2, and the second consists of annealing, straightening, grinding stage 1, and roll milling. The aim of the investigation was the assessment of both manufacturing processes with regard to the residual stress distribution produced. The measurements were carried out via electrochemical removal and on line measurement of strain using strain gauges. The specimens for the measurements were randomly selected from the normal production process. This caused considerable spread, and an improved representation of the results obtained was achieved via a statistical treatment. A characteristic feature of both production processes is the occurrence of compressive residual stresses in the surface and in the subsurface layers to a depth of 0·5 mm. Roll milling, in the second manufacturing process, is carried out between two roll mills with displaced axes and the residual stress standard deviation is increased because of the spiral movement of the spring steel rod between the two roll mills, and the random specimen location along the round rod. The first production process proved to be more desirable because it provides smaller scatter of residual stress values along the rods.MST/1871 List of symbolsa length of electrochemically polished area ak orthogonal calculation coefficient A fracture strain b specimen width d diameter of steel rod Gk(i) kth grade polynomial value in ith segment h specimen thickness segment number j specimen number J number of specimens (measurements in specific depth segment) n number of depth segments (25 in present example) Pk(X) orthogonal polynomial of kth grade S(i, j) residual stress in ith segment of jth specimen Sm(i) residual stress mean value in ith depth segment t time T temperature Xl. .. n points in point system 13k orthogonal polynomial calculation coefficient (J eH yield strength (Jj estimated standard deviation in ith point (Jm average standard deviation for group of specimens (J pm (k) a verage difference between kth grade polynomial and mean value Sm (i) for all 25 segments (J UTS ultimate tensile strength

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Effect of inclusions on fatigue behaviour of hardened spring steel

Cited by 9 publications

References 3 publications

Study on refining slags targeting high cleanliness and lower melting temperature inclusions in Al killed steel

Study on refining slags targeting high cleanliness and lower melting temperature inclusions in Al killed steel

Oxide-Induced Initiation of Stress Corrosion Cracking in Irradiated Stainless Steel

Residual stresses in spring steel round rods subjected to two separate manufacturing processes

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