Effect of in utero Cocaine Exposure on Startle and Its
Modification

Anday, Endla K.; Cohen, Morton I.; Kelley, Nancy E.; Leitner, Donald S.

doi:10.1159/000480959

Cited by 62 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Gap-PPI, assessed using the eyeblink startle paradigm, has been used to assess tinnitus deficits in humans, also providing critical information regarding the underlying neural circuitry (Fournier and Hebert 2013). The eyeblink startle paradigm has also been used to assess the effects of prenatal cocaine exposure (Anday et al 1989) and chronic cocaine use (Corcoran et al 2011; Efferen et al 2000). Most notably, alterations in temporal processing have been observed in HIV-1 seropositive individuals with HAND using the eyeblink startle paradigm (Minassian et al, 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective developmental alterations in The HIV-1 transgenic rat: Opportunities for diagnosis of pediatric HIV-1

2016

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Since the advent of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), pediatric HIV-1 (PHIV) has evolved from a fatal disease to a chronic disease as children perinatally infected with HIV-1 survive into adulthood. The HIV-1 transgenic (Tg) rat, which expresses 7 of the 9 HIV-1 genes constitutively throughout development, was used to model the early development of chronic neurological impairment in PHIV. Male and female Fischer HIV-1 Tg and F344N control rats, sampled from 35 litters, were repeatedly assessed during early development using multiple experimental paradigms, including somatic growth, locomotor activity, cross-modal prepulse inhibition (PPI) and gap-prepulse inhibition (gap-PPI). Later eye opening was observed in HIV-1 Tg animals relative to controls. HIV-1 Tg animals exhibited a shift in the development of locomotor activity implicating alterations in the maturation of the forebrain cholinergic inhibitory system. Alterations in the development of PPI and perceptual sharpening were observed in both auditory and visual PPI as indexed by a relative insensitivity to the dimension of time (ms for ISI; days of age for perceptual sharpening) as a function of the HIV-1 transgene. Presence of the HIV-1 transgene was diagnosed with 97.1% accuracy using auditory and visual PPI measurements from PD 17 and 21. Early selective developmental alterations observed in the HIV-1 Tg rats provide an opportunity for the development of a point-of-care screening tool, which would permit for early diagnosis of PHIV and improve the long-term outcome for children perinatally infected with HIV-1.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective developmental alterations in The HIV-1 transgenic rat: Opportunities for diagnosis of pediatric HIV-1

2016

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“…The variability in results is not surprising given that different species, drug dosages, routes of administration, and postnatal ages at testing have been employed. For example, the amplitude of the reflexive eyeblink elicited by glabellar tap is increased in human infants exposed to cocaine in utero , 44 whereas neither tail‐flick latencies of weanling rats nor footshock sensitivity of 12‐day‐old rat pups are affected by prenatal exposure to cocaine. 45,46 Mixed results have also been reported for adult animals.…”

Section: Long‐term Sensorimotor Effects Of Prenatal Exposure To Cocainementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rabbits typically show augmentation of NM reflex amplitude and reduction of NM reflex latency when that reflex is preceded by a moderate intensity tone at intervals in the range of 200–800 ms. 61,63–66 There have been mixed reports of reflex modification effects in rats and human infants following prenatal exposure to cocaine. 44,49–51…”

Section: Long‐term Sensorimotor Effects Of Prenatal Exposure To Cocainementioning

confidence: 99%

Prenatal Cocaine Exposure: Long‐Term Deficits in Learning and Motor Performance^a

Romano

Harvey

1998

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

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We have developed a rabbit model of in utero exposure to intravenous injections of cocaine given twice daily to dams from gestational days 8-29. At the doses employed (4 mg/kg, injected twice daily), no differences were found in the body weight gain of dams, time to delivery, litter size, and body weight or other physical characteristics of the offspring. However, cocaine-exposed pups displayed an abnormal structural and neurochemical development of the anterior cingulate cortex which persisted into adulthood. In agreement with the known functions of the anterior cingulate cortex, we found that adult, sexually mature rabbits, exposed to cocaine prenatally, demonstrate impairments in motor function, alterations in associative learning and severe impairments in discrimination learning. Moreover, the alterations in discrimination learning were interpreted to be due to deficits in attentional processes. Specifically, cocaine progeny preferentially attend to more salient stimuli even when these are not relevant to the task. Consequently they have difficulty in attending to less salient but relevant stimuli when more salient but irrelevant stimuli occur in the same context. We concluded that the learning deficits are a reflection of the morphologic and neurochemical abnormalities of the anterior cingulate cortex. Alterations in dopamine function of the caudate nucleus may also contribute to the deficits in motor performance.

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“…Infants with PCE were overreactive to a variety of stimuli, which, in part, may indicate that children with PCE may habituate more slowly to stimuli than do infants with NCE (Potter, Zelazo, Stack, & Papageorgiou, 2000). Additionally, researchers have found that infants with PCE startled more with auditory stimuli than did children with NCE, with cocaine exposure appearing to have a direct effect on sensorineural processing (Anday, Cohen, Kelley, & Leitner, 1989). Auditory evoked potentials from the brainstem and the cortex suggested some abnormalities in central auditory processing during the newborn period in children with PCE (Cone-Wesson, 2005; Tan-Laxa, Sison-Switala, Rintelman, & Ostrea, 2004).…”

Section: Review Of Language Findings By Age At Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Language Outcomes at 12 Years for Children Exposed Prenatally to Cocaine

Lewis

Minnes

Short

et al. 2013

J Speech Lang Hear Res

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Purpose In this study, the authors aimed to examine the long-term effects of prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) on the language development of 12-year-old children using a prospective design, controlling for confounding prenatal drug exposure and environmental factors. Method Children who were exposed to cocaine in utero (PCE; n = 183) and children who were not exposed to cocaine (i.e., no cocaine exposure [NCE]; n = 181) were followed prospectively from birth to 12 years of age and were compared on language subtests of the Test of Language Development—Intermediate, Third Edition (Hammill & Newcomer, 1997b), and phonological processing as measured by the Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing (Wagner & Torgesen, 1999). The authors evaluated the relationship of PCE to language development through a multivariate analysis of covariance and regression analyses while controlling for confounders. Results Results show that PCE has small effects on specific aspects of language, including syntax and phonological processing. The caregiver variables of lower maternal vocabulary, more psychological symptoms, and a poorer home environment also had consistent effects on language and phonological processing scores. Conclusions These findings suggest that PCE continues to have small, subtle effects on specific aspects of language at age 12 years. Phonological processing skills were significantly related to the reading outcomes of letter–word identification, reading fluency, and reading comprehension, indicating that PCE also has small but lasting effects on the language skills that are related to later literacy skills.

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Effect of in utero Cocaine Exposure on Startle and Its Modification

Cited by 62 publications

References 21 publications

Selective developmental alterations in The HIV-1 transgenic rat: Opportunities for diagnosis of pediatric HIV-1

Selective developmental alterations in The HIV-1 transgenic rat: Opportunities for diagnosis of pediatric HIV-1

Prenatal Cocaine Exposure: Long‐Term Deficits in Learning and Motor Performance^a

Language Outcomes at 12 Years for Children Exposed Prenatally to Cocaine

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Effect of in utero Cocaine Exposure on Startle and Its Modification

Cited by 62 publications

References 21 publications

Selective developmental alterations in The HIV-1 transgenic rat: Opportunities for diagnosis of pediatric HIV-1

Selective developmental alterations in The HIV-1 transgenic rat: Opportunities for diagnosis of pediatric HIV-1

Prenatal Cocaine Exposure: Long‐Term Deficits in Learning and Motor Performancea

Language Outcomes at 12 Years for Children Exposed Prenatally to Cocaine

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Product

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Prenatal Cocaine Exposure: Long‐Term Deficits in Learning and Motor Performance^a