Effect of imposing changes in kick frequency on kinematics during undulatory underwater swimming at maximal effort in male swimmers

Shimojo, Hiroto; Sengoku, Yasuo; Miyoshi, Tasuku; Tsubakimoto, Shozo; Takagi, Hideki

doi:10.1016/j.humov.2014.09.001

Cited by 32 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Here, we examine tag data from these 2 entangled whales with differences in natural and added drag and buoyant forces, manipulated during disentanglement procedures, with the expectations that: (1) fluke strokes and swimming speed would be altered to maintain normal power output under high drag loading conditions (Skrovan et al 1999, Simon et al 2012, van der Hoop et al 2014a; (2) individuals should take advantage of added buoyancy, reducing thrust and increasing speed in the buoyancy-aided direction (Aoki et al 2011, Miller et al 2012, Nousek-Mc Gregor et al 2014; and (3) swimming efficiency would be reduced when entangled. Together, these hypotheses address whether animals maintain optimal swimming under drag loading, or whether physiological and anatomical constraints limit the plasticity of these parameters and the maintenance of efficient swimming techniques under high loading conditions (Methling et al 2011, Nudds et al 2014, Shimojo et al 2014.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Swimming kinematics and efficiency of entangled North Atlantic right whales

Hoop¹,

Nowacek²,

Moore³

et al. 2017

Endang. Species. Res.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Swimming kinematics and efficiency of entangled North Atlantic right whales

Hoop¹,

Nowacek²,

Moore³

et al. 2017

Endang. Species. Res.

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“…Here, we examine tag data from these two entangled whales with differences in natural and added drag and buoyant forces, manipulated during disentanglement procedures, with the expectations that: (1) fluke strokes and swimming speed would be altered to maintain normal power output under high drag loading conditions (Skrovan et al, 1999;Simon et al, 2012;van der Hoop et al, 2014a); (2) individuals should take advantage of added buoyancy, reducing thrust and increasing speed 83 in the buoyancy-aided direction (Aoki et al, 2011;Miller et al, 2012b;Nousek-McGregor et al, 2013); and (3) swimming efficiency will be reduced when entangled. Together, these hypotheses address whether animals maintain optimal swimming under drag loading (maximizing efficiency and economy), or whether physiological and anatomical constraints limit the plasticity of these parameters and the maintenance of efficient swimming movements under high loading conditions (Methling et al, 2011;Nudds et al, 2014;Shimojo et al, 2014). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of added drag on cetaceans : fishing gear entanglement and external tag attachment

Hoop¹

2017

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Animal movement is motivated in part by energetic constraints, where fitness is maximized by minimizing energy consumption. The energetic cost of movement depends on the resistive forces acting on an animal; changes in this force balance can occur naturally or unnaturally. Fishing gear that entangles large whales adds drag, often altering energy balance to the point of terminal emaciation. An analog to this is drag from tags attached to cetaceans for research and monitoring. This thesis quantifies the effects of drag loading from these two scenarios on fine-scale movements, behaviors and energy consumption.I measured drag forces on fishing gear that entangled endangered North Atlantic right whales and combined these measurements with theoretical estimates of drag on whales' bodies. Entanglement in fishing gear increased drag forces by up to 3 fold. Bio-logging tags deployed on two entangled right whales recorded changes in the diving and fine-scale movement patterns of these whales in response to relative changes in drag and buoyancy from fishing gear and through disentanglement: some swimming patterns were consistently modulated in response. Disentanglement significantly altered dive behavior, and can affect thrust production. Changes in the force balance and swimming behaviors have implications for the survival of chronically entangled whales. I developed two bioenergetics approaches to estimate that chronic, lethal entanglements cost approximately the same amount as the cost of pregnancy and supporting a calf to near-weaning. I then developed a method to estimate drag, energy burden and survival of an entangled whale at detection. This application is essential for disentanglement response and protected species management.Experiments with tagged bottlenose dolphins suggest similar responses to added drag: I determined that instrumented animals slow down to avoid additional energetic costs associated with drag from small bio-logging tags, and incrementally decrease swim speed as drag increases. Metabolic impacts are measurable when speed is constrained. I measured the drag forces on these tags and developed guidelines depending on the relative size of instruments to study-species.Together, these studies quantify the magnitude of added drag in complementary systems, and demonstrate how animals alter their movement to navigate changes in their energy landscape associated with increased drag.

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“…: Arellano, Pardillo y De Jesús et al, 2012;Loebbecke et al, 2009a;Vantorre et al, 2010a;Willems et al, 2014) y muy poco en dicha fase (e.g. : Elipot et al, 2010a;Houel et al, 2010Houel et al, , 2013Shimojo et al, 2014), de ahí que sea un movimiento poco investigado (Pacholak et al, 2014).…”

Section: Jesús Et Al (2012)unclassified

“…: Arellano, 2008;Cohen, Cleary y Mason, 2012;Hochstein y Blickhan, 2014;Houel et al, 2010Houel et al, , 2013Maglischo, 2003;Loebbecke et al, 2009a, b, c;Shimojo et al, 2014;Willems et al, 2014).…”

Section: Análisis Cinemático Del Batido Subacuático Durante El Movimiunclassified

“…En nuestro estudio, el número de ciclos estuvo entre 4,53±1,76 y 9,49±2,95, siendo el estilo de espalda el mayor promedio registro de todos en ambos géneros (8,89±2,59 y 9,49±2,95), estando más próximos a los ciclos analizados por Connaboy et al (2010) La frecuencia del batido subacuático se analizó dentro de la fase del movimiento ondulatorio subacuático, siendo igual entre hombres (2,18±0,05 Hz) pero próxima entre las mujeres para los estilos de crol y mariposa (2,03±0,05 y 2,02±0,05 Hz). Sin embargo, para ambos géneros, el estilo de espalda registró los mayores valores Hochstein y Blickhan (2014) y Shimojo et al (2014), un incremento de la longitud debido a un descenso de la frecuencia, ocasionó una mayor fuerza de propulsión durante el batido (Connaboy, Coleman y Sanders, 2009). Por lo tanto, produjo una mayor fuerza resistiva que incrementó el área de la sección transversal (Cohen, Cleary y Mason, 2012) ralentizando la velocidad horizontal.…”

Section: Subacuáticounclassified

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Análisis cinemático de la salida con empuje en nadadores competitivos de nivel nacional

Morales¹

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Effect of imposing changes in kick frequency on kinematics during undulatory underwater swimming at maximal effort in male swimmers

Cited by 32 publications

References 19 publications

Swimming kinematics and efficiency of entangled North Atlantic right whales

Swimming kinematics and efficiency of entangled North Atlantic right whales

Effects of added drag on cetaceans : fishing gear entanglement and external tag attachment

Análisis cinemático de la salida con empuje en nadadores competitivos de nivel nacional

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