Effect of Impairment on the Prevalence and Comorbidities of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in a National Survey: Nation-Wide Prevalence and Comorbidities of ADHD

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence and comorbidities of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) by evaluating a large-scale nation-wide sample of children. Method: The inclusion criterion was being enrolled as a 2nd, 3rd, or 4th-grade student. A semi-structured diagnostic interview (K-SADS-PL), DSM-IV-Based Screening Scale for Disruptive Behavior Disorders, and assessment of impairment (by both parents and teachers) were applied to 5,842 participants. Results: The prevalence of ADHD was 19.5% without impairment and 12.4% with impairment. Both ADHD with and without impairment groups had similar psychiatric comorbidity rates except for oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD) diagnoses. Impairment in the ADHD group resulted in significantly higher ODD and CD diagnoses. Conclusion: Even when impairment is not described, other psychiatric disorders accompany the diagnosis of ADHD and may cause impairment in the future. Impairment in the diagnosis of ADHD significantly increases the likelihood of ODD and CD.

Using self‐monitoring to increase on‐task behaviors of students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorders (ADHD) in inclusive classrooms in Turkey (Türkiye)

“…Recent estimates indicate that the prevalence of ADHD diagnosis is 12.4% among Turkish students aged 8-10 years, representing a significantly higher prevalence than the worldwide trend (i.e., 3.4%; Ercan et al, 2022;Polanczyk et al, 2015). Students with ADHD display chronic behavior difficulties in school settings, such as being out of seat, breaking classroom rules, making inappropriate noises, and calling out without permission (Barkley, 2015;DuPaul & Jimerson, 2014;Dupoul & Stoner, 2014).…”

Exploring Teachers' Knowledge and Attitudes Toward Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Its Treatment in a District of Turkey

“…However, there is a knowledge gap in the context of Turkish teachers that has been attempted to be filled by a limited number of studies [ 15 ]. This gap is particularly concerning given that a recent nationwide study in Turkey reported a higher prevalence of ADHD among children in the second to fourth grades (19.5% without impairment and 12.4% with impairment) than the global average [ 16 ]. Moreover, children with ADHD in Turkey may miss out on the free support and educational resources available to them due to the underdiagnosis of ADHD.…”

Dikkat Eksikliği Hiperaktivite Bozukluğu Olan Çocuklarda Tedavi Uyumunun İstatistiksel Değerlendirilmesi

“…The prevalence of ADHD was found 11% in children and adolescent [1]. In a multi-center study conducted in Turkey included 5830 children, the prevalence of ADHD was found 12.4 % [2]. ADHD symptoms continue in adolescence and adulthood in 40-60% of those diagnosed with ADHD in childhood [3,4].…”