Effect of E. faecalis on the release of serine proteases elastase and cathepsin G, and collagenase‐2 (MMP‐8) by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs)

Abstract

The majority of the E. faecalis strains induced little or no release of hydrolytic enzymes from the PMN cells. The finding may partly explain the clinical observation that root canal infections dominated by E. faecalis are usually symptom free.

Role of Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils in the Clearance of Enterococcus faecalis Derived from Saliva and Infected Root Canals

“…Increased levels of several proteolytic enzymes such as elastase, cathepsin G, and MMP-8 released by PMNs in pulpitis and chronic apical periodontitis have been reported (9,10). In this study, TNF-a, IL-1a, and MMP-8 were clearly up-regulated when PMNs were incubated with E. faecalis in vitro (Fig.…”

“…The fact remains, however, that E. faecalis is the most common endodontic pathogen in root-filled teeth with persisting infection (3). The possible explanations include that PMNs and E. faecalis live in different environments in failed endodontic cases; they have less opportunity to interact with each other; even in apical area, the inflamed periapical lesion was encapsulated in collagenous connective tissue, which may affect enough PMNs to migrate the perapical lesion and thus may prevent direct PMN phagocytosis; or soluble products of E. faecalis may impair the bactericidal activity of PMNs (10,29,30). When PMNs enter the tissues, they will die within 1 to 2 days, whereas E. faecalis can survive long periods under harsh environmental stress and resuscitate upon returning to more favorable conditions (2).…”

“…Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) are in general regarded as the most efficient first line of defense cells against invading microorganisms. PMNs play an important role in the early control of acute bacterial infections by killing bacterial pathogens through powerful oxidative and nonoxidative mechanisms and through the production of inflammatory and immunoregulatory cytokines and chemokines, such as tumor necrosis factor a (TNF-a), interleukin-1 (IL-1), and proteolytic enzyme, such as matrix metalloproteinases-8 (MMP-8, neutrophil collagenase) (8)(9)(10). These molecules lead to the influx and activation of PMNs and macrophages at the site of infection, which are important first steps in the development of inflammation (11).…”

Incorporating Antimicrobial Nanomaterial and its Effect on the Antimicrobial Activity, Flow and Radiopacity of Endodontic Sealers

“…faecalis is virulent in chronic periapical lesions because it is resistant to antimicrobial agents such as calcium hydroxide (25). Root canals infected with these bacteria usually remain asymptomatic, with advanced periapical lesions, because they do not respond to conventional endodontic therapy (26). In this study, Endofill, Sealer 26 and Sealapex showed an increase in antimicrobial activity with the addition of AgVO3 against E. faecalis, and AH Plus showed activity that is inherent to the control group, thus these sealers may act as potential agents for the eradication of this microorganism.…”

Targeted delivery of vascular endothelial growth factor improves stem cell therapy in a rat myocardial infarction model

“…Instead of measuring the number of the perfused vessels, which may vary with the change of the cardiac cycle, we used CD31 staining to measure total anatomical blood vessels, which does not change with the change of cardiac cycle. It has been shown that in transverse, but not longitudinal sections of the viable LV wall, capillary density can be an adequate measurement for the number of capillaries per tissue area 33, 34 .…”