Effect of hygrothermal aging on the mechanical properties and ductile fracture of polyamide 6: Experimental and numerical approaches

Taktak, Rym; Guermazi, Noamen; Derbeli, Jihed; Haddar, Nader

doi:10.1016/j.engfracmech.2015.09.001

Cited by 39 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 24 publications

(38 reference statements)

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“…Transverse tensile (90° to fibres) test curves for C/PA6 specimens saturated under different humidity conditions These curves clearly indicate that there is a decrease in both stiffness and strength as a function of water content, and an increase in the strain at failure. This result is very similar to what is usually observed on neat PA6[48] as transverse tensile tests are matrix dominated. It may be noted that the transverse tensile strength at failure is quite low (even in the dry state) compared to the C/PEEK counterpart that is used as a reference (25 ± 2 MPa for C/PA6 and 83 ± 8 MPa for C/PEEK).…”

supporting

confidence: 90%

“…Also, the diffusion coefficients and saturation weights increase for the C/PA6 specimens conditioned at increasing humidity levels. Published results from Taktak et al [48] and Do et al [49] are grouped in the following table, Table 3, and are compared to the values found in this work. Only the water uptake in the matrix is considered here.…”

Section: Water Diffusionmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…This decrease in T g can lead to a significant loss in stiffness and an increase in the strain failure for neat PA6 [48]. The question that is now of interest is whether the same trend is observed for composite materials tested in different directions.…”

Section: Effect Of Water Ingress On the Glass Transition Temperature mentioning

confidence: 90%

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Effect of sea water and humidity on the tensile and compressive properties of carbon-polyamide 6 laminates

Arhant

Gac

Gall

et al. 2016

Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing

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Thermoplastic matrix carbon fibre composites offer considerable potential for underwater applications. Various material options exist but there are questions concerning the tension/compressive behaviour and water sensitivity of the less expensive polymers (e.g. polyamides) for these applications. The aim of the current work is to model water diffusion and its effect on the mechanical properties of thick carbon fibre reinforced polyamide-6 composite cylinders immersed in sea water for deep sea applications. To provide the data for such a model, thin specimens (2 mm thick) have been aged under different humidity conditions and tested in tension and compression. As water enters the composite, a significant reduction in the laminate properties is observed. An empirical relationship that links matrix-dominated properties to water content is presented and can be used for modelling purposes.More than 70% of the oceans remain unexplored. With an average depth of over 3800 meters, it is necessary to design exploration devices that are able to withstand high hydrostatic pressures. The lighter these pressure vessels are the more equipment and measuring instruments they can carry, so composites have been used underwater for many years [1]. The use of composites for pressure hulls of underwater vehicles and submarines has been an ongoing research topic for many years, since the early work in the UK by Smith and colleagues in the 1970"s [2]. The use of glass and carbon reinforced thermoset composite materials for deep-sea applications needs a thorough understanding of the behaviour of these materials under hydrostatic pressure.However, the ability to predict the implosion pressures of such materials and under such loadings (bi-axial compression) is not an easy task, as was demonstrated by the results of the World Wide Failure Exercise [3].Applications for thick thermoplastic cylinders for underwater applications are rarer, even though there is an increasing number of thermoplastic matrix polymers available on the market such as polypropylene (PP), polyamide (PA), polyphenylene sulphide (PPS), polyetheretherketone (PEEK), etc. They offer possibilities for forming by local heating, attractive mechanical properties, good environmental resistance and the potential for end of life recycling. More ductile and reparable by melting, they offer a real potential for greatly improved devices. Studies have been conducted in the USA on carbon/PEEK cylinders [4], [5] and by the author [6] and were found to be very promising as they imploded at comparable pressures to those of their carbon/epoxy counterparts. However, it is not clear to what extent the compressive behaviour of thermoplastic composites in the presence of water will limit the operating depth of an underwater pressure vessel, especially for carbon/polyamide 6 (C/PA6) composites. The latter are attractive as they are much less expensive than composites based on high performance matrix polymers such as PEEK.The mechanical behaviour of composite materials has been extensively expl...

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supporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Water Diffusionmentioning

confidence: 81%

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Effect of sea water and humidity on the tensile and compressive properties of carbon-polyamide 6 laminates

Arhant

Gac

Gall

et al. 2016

Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing

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“…As widely reported in the literature [7,8,44,63], the PA6 hydrothermal stability can be studied at different ageing temperatures, e.g., at room temperature or close to water boiling point (~70-90 • C). It is generally accepted that temperature acts like an activator of eater diffusion within the polymer matrix [64]. As a result, a much shorter duration is needed to reach the equilibrium moisture content values at high temperature, such as 70-90 • C, than at room temperature [64].…”

Section: Cooling 2ndmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is generally accepted that temperature acts like an activator of eater diffusion within the polymer matrix [64]. As a result, a much shorter duration is needed to reach the equilibrium moisture content values at high temperature, such as 70-90 • C, than at room temperature [64]. Very recently, Sang et al [8] compared the hydrothermal ageing at room temperature to that at temperatures higher than T g , showing similar trends in terms of water uptake at the different temperatures, although higher temperatures gave rise to a much faster initial water uptake and more appreciable surface and internal damage.…”

Section: Cooling 2ndmentioning

confidence: 99%

PA6 and Halloysite Nanotubes Composites with Improved Hydrothermal Ageing Resistance: Role of Filler Physicochemical Properties, Functionalization and Dispersion Technique

et al. 2020

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Polyamide 6 (PA6) suffers from fast degradation in humid conditions due to hydrolysis of amide bonds, which limits its durability. The addition of nanotubular fillers represents a viable strategy for overcoming this issue, although the additive/polymer interface at high filler content can become privileged site for moisture accumulation. As a cost-effective and versatile material, halloysite nanotubes (HNT) were investigated to prepare PA6 nanocomposites with very low loadings (1–45% w/w). The roles of the physicochemical properties of two differently sourced HNT, of filler functionalization with (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane and of dispersion techniques (in situ polymerization vs. melt blending) were investigated. The aspect ratio (5 vs. 15) and surface charge (−31 vs. −59 mV) of the two HNT proved crucial in determining their distribution within the polymer matrix. In situ polymerization of functionalized HNT leads to enclosed and well-penetrated filler within the polymer matrix. PA6 nanocomposites crystal growth and nucleation type were studied according to Avrami theory, as well as the formation of different crystalline structures (α and γ forms). After 1680 h of ageing, functionalized HNT reduced the diffusion of water into polymer, lowering water uptake after 600 h up to 90%, increasing the materials durability also regarding molecular weights and rheological behavior.

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Effect of nanoparticle and glass fiber on the hydrothermal aging of polyamide 6

Zhang

Liu

Zhao

et al. 2020

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Hydrothermal aging behavior of polyamide 6 (PA6) and its composites (PA6/calcium carbonate [CaCO3] and PA6/short glass fiber [SGF]) was systematically investigated using infrared spectroscopy, dynamic mechanical analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction as well as mechanical measurements. It was found that the water absorption mechanism is strongly affected by the presence of fillers. SGF‐reinforced PA6 composites absorb less water than PA6 and PA6/CaCO3 composites under the same hydrothermal condition. PA6 with 10 wt% SGF exhibits great resistance to hydrothermal aging, which is attributed to the higher crystallinity and larger α‐form fraction.

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Effect of hygrothermal aging on the mechanical properties and ductile fracture of polyamide 6: Experimental and numerical approaches

Cited by 39 publications

References 24 publications

Effect of sea water and humidity on the tensile and compressive properties of carbon-polyamide 6 laminates

Effect of sea water and humidity on the tensile and compressive properties of carbon-polyamide 6 laminates

PA6 and Halloysite Nanotubes Composites with Improved Hydrothermal Ageing Resistance: Role of Filler Physicochemical Properties, Functionalization and Dispersion Technique

Effect of nanoparticle and glass fiber on the hydrothermal aging of polyamide 6

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