Effect of Hydrolysis Treatment on Cellulose Nanowhiskers from Oil Palm (Elaeis guineesis) Fronds: Morphology, Chemical, Crystallinity, and Thermal Characteristics

Abstract

Oil palm fronds biomass was used as a source for isolation of cellulose nanowhiskers (CNW), and its subsequent characterization was done. Non-cellulosic components such as lignin, hemicellulose, and pectin were removed from the biomass by chemimechanical alkaline hydrogen peroxide method followed by sulphuric acid hydrolysis having different time duration of hydrolysis. Apart from the progressive reduction in peaks characteristic of hemicellulose and lignin dissolution, FTIR spectroscopy analysis showed that there were no significant variations in peak positions, signifying that the hydrolysis did not affect the chemical structure of CNW. FESEM showed that there was gradual reduction in the aggregated structure of fiber due to bleaching. Nanoscale structure of CNW was revealed by TEM. XRD analysis revealed that the natural structure of cellulose I polymorph was maintained irrespective of the hydrolysis time. High thermal stability and aspect ratio of the extracted CNW demonstrated its suitability as a reinforcement material in nanocomposites.

Composites polyvinyl alcohol filled with nanocellulose from oil palm waste by formic acid hydrolysis

“…Nanocellulose OPEFB shown at peak 3320 cm -1 due to OH groups stretching but not clearly in nanocellulose from OPF. Shaurabh et al [5] Investigated that at this peak was observed in this nanocellulose due to the presence of hydroxyl groups in cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin. The peaks at wave number 2860 o C indicated that C-H stretching of methylene groups in cellulose.…”

“…Nanocellulose OPF still show the roughnes surface but OPEFB show the smooth surface. These is impply that the OPF still have lignin and hemicellulose after hydrolysis [11]. This is also imply that at bleaching process, hemicellulose and lignin low ammount of remainning [12].…”

“…Several literatures state that the effect of acid concentration and time hysdrolysis gave the scale of nanocellulose size in nano range. The application of nanocellulose as reinforcement in polymer composites depend on its morphology and property [5]. The very good properties of nanocellulose such as impressive mechanical behavior, high specific surface area, good stiffeness, tensile streangth and good optical transparency [6].…”

Oil Palm Frond Waste for the Production of Cellulose Nanocrystals

“…A work done by Saurabh et al used retting OPF vascular bundles to produce cellulose nanowhiskers but the raw materials and methodology were different compared to this present work. 10 Hence, this study was conducted to characterise the properties of CNC obtained from the whole fresh OPF and analyse the potential of this material to be used in the production of fibre-based materials.…”

Biomaterial from Oil Palm Waste: Properties, Characterization and Applications

“…Cellulose nanofibers were produced by hydrolyzing OPEFB with sulfuric acid Fahma et al [39] Microfibrillated celluloses from OPEFB Goh et al [100] Production defatted OPS nanoparticles Dungani et al [101] and Rosamah et al [102] Nanofibrillated from EFB using ultrasound assisted hydrolysis Rosazley et al [103] EFB nanocrystalline cellulose was isolated from OPEFB microcrystalline cellulose Rohaizu and Wanrosli [104] Nanocellulose from OPF using alkaline processes Mohaiyiddin et al [105] Production cellulose nanocrystals from OPF by hydrolysis treatment Saurabh et al [106] Isolation of cellulose nanowhiskers from oil palm mesocarp fibers by acid hydrolysis and microfluidization Adriana et al [107] Production cellulose nanocrystals from OPF by chemo-mechanical treatment Nordin et al [38] Oil palm mesocarp fiber as a source for the production of cellulose nanocrystals Chieng et al [108] Nanofillers obtained from OPA Abdul Khalil et al [7] The utilization of OPA as a nanofiller for the development of polymer nanocomposites Bhat and Abdul Khalil [109] Nanocellulose was extracted from OPT fibers by a chemi-mechanical technique Surip et al [110] Cellulose nanocrystals were isolated from OPT using acid hydrolysis method and total chlorine free method Lamaming et al [111] Table 7. Events in the exploration of isolation nanocellulose from oil palm biomass with various methods and their related applications.…”