Effect of household and industrial processing on levels of five pesticide residues and two degradation products in spinach

Risk Mitigation Methods for Removal of Pesticide Deposits in Spinach for Reducing Residues Content

“…Tap water wash was the least effective treatment and the findings of present investigations are in conformity with the findings of Panhwar et al, (2013) reported that washing of cauliflower curds with water removed profenophos residues by 14.32%, 10-50% of deltamethrin residues were removed from spinach leaves when washed with tap water (Bonnachere et al, 2012).…”

Removal of six pesticide residues in cowpea with alkaline electrolysed water

“…Washing is the first step in most processing methods and the most studied for the removal of pesticide residues in vegetables and fruits . Generally speaking, tap water is the most common washing method in household and industrial processing . Other washing reagents were also studied for the elimination of pesticide residues in vegetables and fruits, such as sodium chloride (NaCl) solution, sodium carbonate (Na 2 CO 3 ) solution, and acetic acid (CH 3 COOH) solution .…”

Study of the pesticides distribution in peel, pulp and paper bag and the safety of pear bagging

“…As far as pesticides removal methods were concerned, different processing ways were reported such as peeling (Aguilera, Valverde, Camacho, Boulaid, & Garcia-Fuentes, 2012;Hassanzadeh, Bahramifar, & Esmaili-Sari, 2010;Keikotlhaile, Spanoghe, & Steurbaut, 2010;Liang, Liu, Ding, & Liu, 2014;Liu et al, 2014;Rani, Saini, & Kumari, 2013), storage (Hassanzadeh et al, 2010), washing (Aguilera et al, 2012;Aguilera, Valverde, Camacho, Boulaid, & Garcia-Fuentes, 2014;Al-Taher, Chen, Wylie, & Cappozzo, 2013;Bonnechere et al, 2012;Chai & Tan, 2010;Chauhan, Monga, & Kumari, 2012;Guardia-Rubio, Ayora-Canada, & Ruiz-Medina, 2007;Hassanzadeh et al, 2010;Keikotlhaile et al, 2010;Liang et al, 2014;Liu et al, 2014;Rani et al, 2013;Samriti, Chauhan, & Kumari, 2011;Wang, Huang, Chen, & Li, 2013;Yang et al, 2012), cooking (Aguilera et al, 2012;Bonnechere et al, 2012;Samriti et al, 2011;Yang et al, 2012) and so on (Bajwa & Sandhu, 2014). Different pesticides have different distribution or migration properties in different parts of an agricultural product .…”

“…Therefore, washing may be a good choice to remove the pesticide which stays in the skin and is easier to be washed. Different washing regents, such as water (Aguilera et al, 2012;AlTaher et al, 2013;Bonnechere et al, 2012;Chai & Tan, 2010;Wang et al, 2013), sodium chloride (Chai & Tan, 2010), sodium carbonate (Chai & Tan, 2010), vinegar, starch and synthetic detergent solutions (Bajwa & Sandhu, 2014;Wang et al, 2013) were developed and different removal efficiency were reported. 2) If most amounts of a pesticide stay in the pulp, peeling or washing would not effectively decrease the pesticide residue.…”