The effect of cooling rate on thermoplasticity of ni base superalloy GH4151 during thermal deformation was studied. Several different treatments were used to obtain γ′ phases of different sizes and shapes. The hot tensile and hot compression tests were carried out, and the microstructure was studied in detail by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy to determine the microscopic mechanism. The results show that the volume fraction of large γ’ phase increased with decreasing cooling rate. The slowly cooled material exhibits lower resistance to deformation due to more obvious softening behavior. The sample with slow cooling contains coarse γ′ phase and broaden γ-γ’ channel. The locations around broaden γ-γ’ channel were accumulated during deformation, which caused a high level of stored energy, and thus dynamic recrystallization (DRX) is promoted, and obvious softening behavior was displayed.