Effect of High Voltage Pulsed Current on the integration of total skin grafts in rats submitted to nicotine action

Toward Controlled Electrical Stimulation for Wound Healing Based on a Precision Layered Skin Model

“…Bioelectricity plays vital roles in the human body, including homeostasis regulation, nerve conduction, and skin wound repair. − In intact human skin, active Na + /K + ATPase pumps in the epidermis generate and maintain a transepithelial potential difference of 20–50 mV . When skin is injured, the epithelial damage makes the wound site a short circuit, lowering the electrical potential of the wound surface compared with the surrounding intact skin, forming an endogenous lateral electric field oriented toward the wound center. , This electric field has been confirmed to direct cell migration , and stimulate the secretion of growth factors − to promote wound healing. However, the lateral electric field always tends to be weak or even being collapsed for chronic wounds of diabetes mellitus, partly extending the inflammatory stage of injuries .…”

“…However, the lateral electric field always tends to be weak or even being collapsed for chronic wounds of diabetes mellitus, partly extending the inflammatory stage of injuries . An additional lateral electric field by applying an external voltage has been proven to be an effective tool to boost the healing procedure while stimulating neural pathways and adjusting inflammatory reaction. ,, More significantly, recent researches have revealed that a physiological-strength electrical stimulus may overlay other coexisting directional signals to guide the migration of keratinocytes, indicating that the role of electrical stimuli in wound repair is far more essential and critical than previously speculated. , In particular, an optimized electrical stimulus could accelerate the healing process constructively. ,, …”

“…17,18 In particular, an optimized electrical stimulus could accelerate the healing process constructively. 10,19,20 Generally, both DC and pulsed electrical stimulation were utilized in prior research. Compared with the DC stimulus, pulsed ones have shown considerable advantages.…”

Microcurrent Reverses Cigarette Smoke-Induced Angiogenesis Impairment in Human Keratinocytes In Vitro

“…Our findings are consistent with an in vivo experimental study by Michaud et al, who showed significant angiogenic impairment in mice exposed to cigarette smoke following surgically induced hindlimb ischemia [ 52 ], and the reason may be related to the inhibition of angiogenesis by cigarette smoke, where the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is reduced under hypoxic conditions. In addition, an in vivo study completed by Souza et al also confirmed that elevated angiogenesis could be observed in a rat skin model pretreated with nicotine following ES application [ 53 ]. Furthermore, for the effect of ES on angiogenesis-related cells, Bai et al demonstrated that the elongation, orientation, and migration of vascular endothelial cells can be clearly affected by DC electric fields [ 54 ], and that endothelial cells from angiogenic microvessels respond more strongly to electrical stimulation compared to non-angiogenic macrovessels [ 55 ], which supports the potential of ES to promote healing by accelerating angiogenesis.…”

Wound Healing with Electrical Stimulation Technologies: A Review

“…The inflammatory phase occurs immediately after a wound is formed and includes a coagulation cascade, inflammatory pathway, and activation of the immune system [36]. ES promotes vasodilation and increases vascular permeability so that more cells including leukocytes and platelets can be recruited to the wounded area [37,38].…”