Effect of herbage rejection by steers on white clover (<i>Trifolium repens</i>) branching and development in continuously stocked grass–clover swards

Teuber, Nolberto; Laidlaw, A. S.

doi:10.1017/s0021859600072877

Cited by 3 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…The experiment was carried out within a continuous grazing trial in which steers had been grazing grass/white clover swards during each grazing season from 1988 to 1992, with stocking density adjusted to maintain the swards at predetermined heights (5, 7. or 9 cm) (Laidlaw et at., 1995).…”

Section: Experiments I Effect Of Defoliatinf^ Rejected Areas On Whitementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Experiment 3. Six turves (0 3 X 0-3 m) were excavated from a grass/white clover sward with a herbage mass of 2-5 t DM ha""' (Laidlaw et al, 1995) and positioned outside the laboratory. Before this the sward had been continuously grazed wilh cattle in (he previous growing season and with sheep lo 4 cm in November, During the experiment, which lasted 27 days from 18 April, the turves were surrounded with a black polythene sheet to prevent light penetrating into the canopies laterally.…”

Section: Experiments 2 To 4 Effect Of Red Light Enrichment On Axillamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1986). Net branching rate of clover stolons in these rejected areas is usually tower than in the adjacent grazed areas, resulting in lower stolon growing point densities in the former (Teuber and Laidlaw. 1995), The removal of isolated stolons from the field to 'optimum' growing conditions can result in many of the suppressed stolons developing into branches.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1995), The removal of isolated stolons from the field to 'optimum' growing conditions can result in many of the suppressed stolons developing into branches. When, however, light is excluded immediately around the stolons, branching is considerably less (Teuber and Laidlaw, 1995), This raises the possibility that reduced branching i,! ; controlled by the light environment around the node, mediated by phytochrome.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of irradiance on branch growth of white clover stolons in rejected areas within grazed swards

Teuber

Laidlaw

1996

Grass and Forage Science

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Development of white clover stolons (Trifolium repens) was compared when grown in rejected areas and in adjacent defoliated areas over 28 days in May ‐ June in continuously stocked grass/white clover swards. In the cut areas more branches were borne on stolons with more but shorter internodes and shorter petioles than in the rejected areas. Red (R)/far red (FR) ratio at the base of the cut sward was significantly higher than in the rejected sward. Five experiments were carried out in which red light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) supplied supplementary irradiation at the node of the youngest fully expanded leaf on white clover stolons growing in association with dense canopies of perennial ryegrass. Axillary bud/branch length was the only significantly affected aspect of development that was measured, irradiation enrichment increasing length by about three‐fold over a 2–4 week period. One of the experiments involved identification of the site of perception of the R/FR effect. Natural and supplementary light were excluded from the stolon (by covering with a 2‐cm layer of black beads), petiole (by wrapping in aluminium foil), both or neither and showed that exposure of the stolon/ petiole base to supplementary light was necessary to stimulate axillary bud growth. It is concluded that the relative content of red light, and possibly absolute level, in irradiance at the base of the canopy in rejected areas is implicated in the young branch growth and that release of the buds can be achieved by defoliation, presumably due to increasing the red light content; however, the effect of increased photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) reaching stolons and young leaves cannot be discounted as an additional factor.

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Section: Experiments I Effect Of Defoliatinf^ Rejected Areas On Whitementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Experiments 2 To 4 Effect Of Red Light Enrichment On Axillamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of irradiance on branch growth of white clover stolons in rejected areas within grazed swards

Teuber

Laidlaw

1996

Grass and Forage Science

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“…Continuously grazed swards with cattle at low stocking rates is detrimental to white clover as sustained tall swards will deprive the base of the sward with light (especially with a high red:far red ratio) (Teuber and Laidlaw, 1995) and high energy expenditure in petioles extending to the top of the tall sward (Nassiri, 1998). So underutilized swards may exhibit higher clover contribution in the early stages of the sward's life but the decline may be rapid, relative to more highly stocked swards (Steen and Laidlaw, 1995).…”

Section: Grazing Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of grass–legume mixtures on the production and photosynthetic capacity of constructed grasslands in Inner Mongolia, China

et al. 2016

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The paper summarises some of the advances which have been made a) in increasing understanding of the grass-legume association, especially grass-white clover, so that the association can be more predictably exploited and b) in overcoming limitations in the use of such mixtures. The contribution which forage legumes make to the N economy of mixtures is reviewed with estimates approaching 400 kg N ha -1 for some. Uptake by grass of legumederived N (N transfer) reduces soil mineral N levels and increases the proportion of fixed N in the total legume N relative to legume monoculture. Although N transfer also causes inconsistent contribution of legume to mixed swards, models of the effect of legume derived N on the interaction between grass and legume are helping to predict likely grass-legume balance, even when grazed.The higher nutritive value and intake of legumes relative to grass is due to a range of factors including faster rate of particle breakdown, faster digestion in the rumen, more nonammonium N reaching the small intestine and higher efficiency of energy utilization although efficiency of N utilization is lower. Poor utilization is not an issue with birdsfoot trefoil and sainfoin due to their herbage having a high content of condensed tannins which protect protein from degradation in the rumen. Breeding programmes using conventional and biotechnological methods are aiming to improve nutritive value such as increasing protein quality and introducing condensed tannins into clovers and lucerne. Breeding of legumes to reduce antiquality factors, such as bloat, is underway. Breeding to reduce oestrogenic effects has been successful in red clover and subclover.Advances are leading to improved legume consistency in mixture including improvement in tolerance to biotic and environmental stress by breeding and increased understanding of the role of companion grasses. Research which underpins management techniques to improve predictability of grass-legume balance is also discussed, including the positive and negative role of the grazing animal.The potential and limitations of grass-legume swards to reduce N loss, including NO 3 leaching, in whole farm systems is evaluated where grass/white clover can reduce leaching by 50% compared with a high fertilizer N system at only 20% reduction in output. Other factors which may result in increased reliance on forage legumes, in addition to the improvements in forage legumes resulting from research, include de-intensification policy decisions to reduce stocking rates, increased uptake of organic farming, increased cost of N fertilizer relative to commodity prices. Shared research effort between countries is advocated to supply adequate resources to solve some of the remaining problems in grass/legume associations and effective technology transfer should include development of decision support systems due to the complexity of the association.

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The Impact of Grazing Animals on N2 Fixation in Legume-Based Pastures and Management Options for Improvement

Menneer

Ledgard

McLay³

et al. 2004

Advances in Agronomy

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Effect of herbage rejection by steers on white clover (Trifolium repens) branching and development in continuously stocked grass–clover swards

Cited by 3 publications

References 15 publications

Influence of irradiance on branch growth of white clover stolons in rejected areas within grazed swards

Influence of irradiance on branch growth of white clover stolons in rejected areas within grazed swards

Effects of grass–legume mixtures on the production and photosynthetic capacity of constructed grasslands in Inner Mongolia, China

The Impact of Grazing Animals on N2 Fixation in Legume-Based Pastures and Management Options for Improvement

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