Effect of heavy metals on physiological and histological status in liver of common carp Cyprinus carpio, reared in cages and wild in the Euphrates River, Babil / Iraq.

Abstract

The current study was conducted to examine the concentrations of some heavy metals (Fe, Zn, and Cu) in sediments, chemical and physical properties of water(Temperature, pH, Salinity, Total dissolved solid, Dissolved oxygen, Biological oxygen demand5, Alanin transporter enzyme, aspartase transporter enzyme, Alkaline phosphatase, and histological effects of the studied metal on liver of 96 cage fish and wild fish 4 fish per site Cyprinus carpio (Common carp) in the Euphrates River from October of 2018 until November of 2019. Three sites were selected on the Euphrates River in the middle of Iraq. The first site was Abu Luka, the second site was Al Saddah and the third site was the village of Al-Hussein. The results showed that in the first and second sites, the concentration of heavy metal in sediments and fish liver was greater than in the third site. In general, the cage fish at the first and second sites were higher than the wild fish. It was also noticed that the heavy metal concentration of both fish and sediment took the following order according to the seasons of the year, from the highest concentration of heavy metals to the lowest (summer > spring > autumn > winter). It was found that liver enzymes were directly affected by the presence of high concentrations of heavy Metals. So, both the ALT and AST increased in the first and second sites as compared to the third site. But the ALP value decreased with the increase in the concentration of the studied metal. The results of the histological slicing of the liver in the first and second places revealed a breakdown of the hepatocytes with the creation of gaps between the cells. Several spaces filled with remains of the destructed cells from the visceral tissue of the liver with infiltration of inflammatory cells in the infected area of the fish liver. It is the region’s first study that was concerned with the impact of heavy metal levels in the environment on cage fish and their relationship to blood components and liver enzymes.

Evaluation of Some Heavy Metals, Their Fate and Transportation in Water, Sediment, and Some Biota within AL-Musayyib River, Babylon Governorate, Iraq

“…fish have the ability to accumulate heavy metals in their tissues at higher levels than environmental concentrations due to absorption along the gill surface and the kidney, liver, and gut tract wall 49 . Heavy metal accumulation by organisms can be passive or selective, and differences in heavy metal accumulation by organisms can be due to differences in assimilation, egestion, or both 50. Many studies estimated the concentration of some heavy metals (cadmium, lead, zinc, iron, manganese, selenium and nickel) in the mussels offish species and other aquatic biota collected from Euphrates river / middle of Iraq [51][52][53][54][55] . The results of the physicochemical properties of Musayyib River branched from Euphrates river revealtemporal and spatial variations during the study period, as well as seasonal and site-specific fluctuations in heavy metal concentrations.…”

Biochemical changes in the gill, liver, and muscle tissue of Anabas testudineus on exposure to varying concentration of Lead acetate

“…Increase in ALT concentrations may refer to the deterioration of hepatocytes as well as muscle deformities and disorders to other tissues secreting ALT. The elevation of AST suggests stress and more demand of tissue for energy (Alshkarchy et al., 2021). Increased AST and ALT activity was observed in liver tissues of Cyprinus carpio on exposure to lead acetate (Baghshani & Shahsavani, 2013).…”

“…Increase in ALT concentrations may refer to the deterioration of hepatocytes as well as muscle deformities and disorders to other tissues secreting ALT. The elevation of AST suggests stress and more demand of tissue for energy (Alshkarchy et al, 2021).…”

Toxicity, Histological, Hepato-Somatic Index and Growth Responses of Cadmium Stressed Labeo rohita

“…Fatima and Usmani (2013) reported that exposure of fishes (Channa striatus and Heteropneustes fossilis) to heavy metals including Cr showed various histological alterations in liver including vacuolization and hemorrhages. Alshkarchy et al (2021) investigated the histopathological effects of Zn, Fe and Cu on the liver of the Euphrates River's C. carpio. Major histopathological changes in liver were disintegration of the hepatocytes with spaces between the cells and several areas filled with degraded cells from the visceral tissues.…”