“…Many studies have been conducted on oil shale pyrolysis to better understand the effect of fundamental parameters on shale oil yield and quality to optimize the reaction conditions. This includes pyrolysis temperature [Chen and Shi, 2010;Williams and Ahmad, 1999;Yue et al, 2014], heating rate [Değirmenci and Durusoy, 2005;Nazzal, 2002;Williams et al, 1999;Yue et al, 2014], residence time for pyrolysis reaction [Williams and Chishti, 2001], composition of pyrolysis atmosphere [Netzel and Miknis, 1982;Razvigorova et al, 2008], particle size [Ahmad and Williams, 1998;Jaber et al, 1999;Khalil, 2013], and mineral matrix [Espitalie et al, 1980;Karabakan and Yürüm, 1998]. Vacuum pyrolysis has been shown to enable higher yield and improved quality shale oil in comparison with pyrolysis under atmospheric pressure [Hoekstra et al, 2012;Pakdel et al, 1999;Roy et al, 1985;Siramard et al, 2016].…”