“…In order to predict the grain size for different phases, grain coarsening kinetics 51,52 was adopted to describe the evolution of α lath width and β grain size, as follows: where c is coarsening exponent, negatively related to grain growth rate, D ¯ i the average size of grains after coarsening, D ¯ 0 the initial average grain size, k 0 the kinetic constant, Q the activation energy, taken as 97 kJ/mol for Ti-6Al-4V, 51 R the gas constant, T the absolute temperature during heat treatment, and t the holding time. For α lath length, to account for constraint by β grain boundaries, a correction prefactor is defined as 0.2, that is, α lath length is approximately one-fifth of the β grain size.…”