Effect of Heat-Processing and Pelleting Corn for Steers and Lambs

Newland, H. W.; Magee, W. T.; Branaman, G. A.; Blakeslee, L. H.

doi:10.2527/jas1962.214711x

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…With the other rations, however, variability between cows in fermentation was too great to allow any differences in VFA proportions between the two cereals to be detected. Shaw (1962) concluded from his own experiments that smaller proportions of acetic acid were found in the rumen when starchy concentrates were cooked before being fed, a conclusion supported by the work of Newland, Magee, Branaman & Blakeslee (1962) and Ghorban, Knox & Ward, (1966). However, Woods & Luther (1962 and Thompson, Bradley & Little (1965) found no clear differences in rumen VFA proportions between cooked and uncooked concentrates.…”

Section: Rumen Fermentation and Ration Compositionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Fermentation in the rumen of cows given rations containing hay and flaked maize or rolled barley in widely different proportions

Sutton¹,

Johnson²

1969

J. Agric. Sci.

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Three dry cows, each fitted with a permanent rumen fistula, were fed hay and flaked maize or hay and rolled barley in widely different proportions. All rations were offered at 7 kg dry matter daily for 3 weeks following hay alone. The cows refused all cereal 3 or 4 days after introduction of rations including 80 and 100 % flaked maize; recovery of intake occurred in most instances within a further 3-10 days. On the 100 % flaked maize ration, the refusals were associated with very low pH and high concentrations of lactic acid in the rumen. Refusals of rolled barley were small and showed no clear pattern.Rumen fermentation was reasonably stable during the last week of each period except with the 100 % barley rations. On the rations containing flaked maize, molar proportions of volatile fatty acids (VFA) varied widely but on only one occasion did the proportion of acetic acid fall below 55 % and in two cows that consumed flaked maize alone, the proportion of acetic acid in the rumen exceeded 60 %. On the rations containing rolled barley, increasing proportions of barley were associated with large decreases in the proportion of acetic acid and increases in the proportion of propionic acid. The maximum proportion of n-butyric acid was found on the rations containing 50 % cereal.It is suggested that, when large proportions of cereals are fed, the proportions of VFA bear no clear relationship to the crude fibre content of the ration but that an association with rumen pH may exist.Although many workers have attempted to to study the fermentation in the rumen of rations relate the molar proportions of volatile fatty acids consisting of hay and flaked maize, or hay and rolled (VFA) in the rumen to the composition of the rations barley, fed in widely different proportions ranging fed, few have investigated the basic factors that fromhayalonetocerealsalone.Itwashopedthereby cause variations in rumen VFA proportions.

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Section: Rumen Fermentation and Ration Compositionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Fermentation in the rumen of cows given rations containing hay and flaked maize or rolled barley in widely different proportions

Sutton¹,

Johnson²

1969

J. Agric. Sci.

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“…In this study, heifers fed CRC had greater daily gain and final BW compared with feeding FGC and DRC diets. Similarly, Newland et al (1962) reported numerical increase in final BW and greater ADG in steers fed crumbled corn diets compared with feeding diets containing ground or shelled corn. Recently, Makizadeh et al (2020) observed greater ADG in calves fed heat-processed corn (steam-flaked vs. ground corn) during the postweaning period.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Evaluating the effect of finely ground, dry-rolled, and crumbled corn grain on performance, feeding behavior, and starch digestion in Holstein dairy heifers

Malekkhahi

Razzaghi

Zadeh³

et al. 2022

Journal of Dairy Science

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Corn processing methods including finely ground (FGC), dry rolled (DRC), and crumbled corn (CRC) were evaluated to determine their effects on average daily gain (ADG), structural growth, starch digestibility, feeding behavior, and blood metabolites of young dairy heifers. In this study, 36 Holstein heifers [91 ± 4 d of age, 105 ± 6.5 kg of body weight (BW); mean ± standard deviation] housed in 9 pens (4 heifers per pen) were fed diets (dry matter basis) containing 20% forage (wheat straw) and 80% corn-based concentrate for 60 d. Pens were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 dietary treatments based on the type of corn grain used for the diets: (1) ground corn (FGC; fine: 1.11 ± 0.52 mm);(2) dry-rolled corn (DRC; 2.30 ± 0.68 mm); and (3) crumbled corn (CRC; 2.54 ± 0.70 mm). Heifers had ad libitum access to diets and water throughout the experiment and the feed intake was measured daily. Animals were weighed at the beginning (91 d of age) and end (151 d of age) of the study. The ADG (kg of BW/d) was calculated at the end of experiment at an individual level. Feeding behavior was recorded based on direct observation by monitoring each heifer every 5 min during a 22-h period at 150 d of age. The CRC and DRC tended to increase feed intake compared with FGC, whereas heifers fed CRC tended to have a greater wither height compared with other treatments. Feed efficiency was not affected; however, ADG and final BW increased in heifers fed the CRC diet compared with other diets. Feeding CRC increased total-tract starch digestibility compared with FGC and DRC diets (97.8 vs. 93.1 and 89.5%, respectively). Compared with FGC diet, feeding DRC and CRC tended to increase rumination time. The molar proportion of propionate was greater, and the molar proportion of acetate and acetate-to-propionate ratio were lower in heifers fed CRC than in those fed DRC. The blood glucose and insulin-like growth factor concentrations increased in heifers fed CRC compared with feeding DRC; however, blood urea concentrations decreased by CRC feeding. In conclusion, thermal processing (CRC diet) improved total-tract starch digestibility, ADG, feed intake, and skeletal growth, but had no effect on feed efficiency during the experimental period. Our results indicated that the thermal processing of corn grain improved growth performance of weaned heifers; however, the performance of heifers over a 60-d period did not differ between mechanical processing methods (grinding and dry rolling).

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“…The VFA concentrations in the reticula-rumen fluid are strongly influenced by diet composition and physical form (Newland et al 1962, Wood and Rhodes 1962, Weiss et al 1967. The similar levels of major VFA's between ration treatment suggest that ozonetreated mesquite fiber is comparable to cottonseed hulls as a fiber base in supplemental diets.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ozone-Treated Mesquite for Supplementing Steers in West Texas

Bryant¹,

Mills²,

Pitts³

et al. 1984

Journal of Range Management

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Ozonated-mesquite was compared with cottonseed hulls as the fiber base in supplemental rations fed to growing steers under range conditions. Average daily gains of steers fed the 2 rations for the 2 winter feeding periods were similar. Similarities in concentrations of acetic, propionic, and butyric acids, and acetic:propionic acid ratios between rations indicated no alterations in production of these acids as affected by composition or physical form of the ozonated-mesquite. Therefore, ozonated-mesquite appears to be equal in value to cottonseed hulls as a roughage base in supplemental rations fed to range steers. Mesquite (Prosopis glundulosa) is a rangeland pest that infests millions of acres in the arid Southwest. Attempts to control this woody perennial have included mechanical, pyric, biological, and chemical means. While these methods are effective in managing mesquite, they exclude the use of the tremendous quantity of fiber available in this plant. It has been recently realized that this plant is an untapped reservoir for industrial use or livestock feed. If harvestingand processing becomes economical, all avenues for disposal of the lignocellulose from mesquite should be investigated. Lignocellulose residues, including wood pulp, have been the focus of livestock feeding experiments for many years. Research has dealt with corn and milo residues (Bolsen et al. 1977, Ward 1978); cereal and grass straws (Durham and Hinman 1979, Church and Champe 1980); soybean residues (Miller et al. 1979); cotton by-products (Arndt et al. 1980); and wood and wood by-products (Dinius and Bond 1975, Lemieux and Wilson 1979). Many chemical treatments have been applied to increase cellulose digestibility. Some of these included sodium hydroxide (Hendrix and Karn 1976); ammonia (Paterson et al. 1979a); and calcium hydroxide (Paterson et al. 1979b) on crop residues, and sodium hydroxide (Millett et al. 1970); sulfur dioxide (Sherrod et al. 1978); sulphuric acid (Keith and Daniels 1976); irradiation (Kitts et al. 1969); and ozonization (Schuerch 1963) on wood and wood byproducts. Ozonization of mesquite appears to increase cellulose digestion (R.W. Tack, unpublished data; Weakley and Owens 1975). While most research has been limited to trials in vitro or in vivo with confined animals in drylot, few studies have attempted to evaluate crop or wood residues in supplemental rations for livestock on dry perennial rangeland. The objective of this study was to compare ozonated mesquite with cottonseed hulls as the fiber base in winter supplemental rations for growing range steers. The supplemental rations tested were similar to the range cubes commonly fed to range cattle.

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Effect of Heat-Processing and Pelleting Corn for Steers and Lambs

Cited by 8 publications

References 0 publications

Fermentation in the rumen of cows given rations containing hay and flaked maize or rolled barley in widely different proportions

Fermentation in the rumen of cows given rations containing hay and flaked maize or rolled barley in widely different proportions

Evaluating the effect of finely ground, dry-rolled, and crumbled corn grain on performance, feeding behavior, and starch digestion in Holstein dairy heifers

Ozone-Treated Mesquite for Supplementing Steers in West Texas

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