Effect of halloysite nanoclay on the physical, mechanical, and antioxidant properties of chitosan films incorporated with clove essential oil

Biodegradable and Water Resistant Poly(vinyl) Alcohol (PVA)/Starch (ST)/Glycerol (GL)/Halloysite Nanotube (HNT) Nanocomposite Films for Sustainable Food Packaging

“…Apparently, nanocomposite films with higher HNT contents inevitably led to higher surface roughness due to the inclusion of highly agglomerated nanofillers resulting in increased light scattering sites (Grunlan et al, 2003), as also confirmed by other studies in plasticized PVA/ST nanocomposite films (Tang et al, 2008, Akhavan et al, 2017. On the other hand, Lee et al (2018) considered this reduction of T% as an advantage for food packaging applications since the UV-barrier properties of chitosan/CEO/HNT nanocomposite films could be improved leading to better protection of foodstuffs against nutrient loss, decolonization and lipid oxidation.…”

“…A drastic decrease in W a from 128.23 to 74.23% was attributed to the fact that embedded HNTs generated tortuous paths to hinder the water diffusion when the HNT content was increased from 0 to 1 wt%. Similar effect of HNTs was reported on chitosan/HNT nanocomposites and chitosan/clove essential oil (CEO)/HNT nanocomposites by Lee et al (2018). Their results showed that the W a of chitosan/HNT nanocomposites and chitosan/CEO/HNT nanocomposites was reduced by 42.17 and 43.31%, respectively, at the HNT content of 30 wt% as opposed to those of corresponding matrices due to the incorporation of nanofillers to affect the water absorption of matrices.…”

“…Such a finding could be due to the hydrophilic nature of food simulant A, which worked as solvent-like water on nanocomposite films resulting in increasing the chain mobility of polymeric molecules and improving the release of nanofillers from nanocomposite films. Lee et al (2018) discussed similar results based on the migration of CEO in chitosan/CEO films and chitosan/CEO/HNT nanocomposite films by migrating simulant molecules from external surfaces FIGURE 5 | Migration rates of (A) Al + and (B) Si + obtained from PVA/ST/GL blends and PVA/ST/GL/HNT nanocomposites in three different food simulants.…”

“…As compared with other tubular morphological structures of nanofillers like carbon nanotubes (CNTs), HNTs are cheap, widely available, and easily dispersed (Tully et al, 2015;Zhang et al, 2016). Moreover, it is considered as a non-toxic material mainly used for drug delivery in medical applications (Khoo et al, 2011;Rawtani and Agrewal, 2012;Salam et al, 2015;Yuan et al, 2015), and further for food packaging applications (Biddecia et al, 2016;Makaremi et al, 2017;Lee et al, 2018). Consequently, HNTs were used in this study as natural reinforcements for sustainable PVA/ST/GL/HNT nanocomposite films to improve their water resistance such as W a , W s and water contact angle as their mechanical and thermal properties were improved previously when compared with those of PVA/ST/GL blend matrices.…”

Carvacrol encapsulation by electrospinning or solvent casting to obtain biodegradable multilayer active films for food packaging applications

“…Nevertheless, the authors reported a loss of 20% for carvacrol and 40 % for eugenol, respectively (determined through spectrophotometric quantification), caused by the thermo-sealing. Other authors encapsulate the active compound in other supports, such as different nanoparticles, which in turn can act as reinforcing agents, (Mikulcová et al 2016;Lee et al 2018;Adel et al 2019;Sogut, 2020) or spray-dried capsules (Talon et al 2019), prior to the thermal process.…”