Effect of H₂S Annealing on Sb-Doped Cu–In–S Thin Films Prepared by Vacuum Evaporation

Abstract

We consider (3 + 1)-dimensional SU(N )/Z N Yang-Mills theory on a spacetime with a compact spatial direction, and prove the following result: Under a continuous increase of the theta angle θ → θ + 2π, a 't Hooft operator T (γ) associated with a closed spatial curve γ that winds around the compact direction undergoes a monodromy T (γ) → T (γ). The new 't Hooft operator T (γ) transforms under large gauge transformations in the same way as the product T (γ)W (γ), where W (γ) is the Wilson operator associated with the curve γ and the fundamental representation of SU(N ).