Effect of green synthesized ZnO nanoparticles using Paspalum scrobiculatum grains extract in biological applications

Abstract

In this report, ZnO nanoparticles were biosynthesized using Paspalum scrobiculatum grains extract for the first time. GC–MS analysis explicated that diethyl phthalate was the major phytocompound with 94.09% in aqueous extract. ZnO nanoparticles formation was confirmed by various physicochemical analyses. HR‐TEM images showed the hexagonal, rectangular shaped nanoparticles in 15–30 nm size. The antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, and anti‐diabetic analyses showed the effective bioactivity of ZnO nanoparticles in 80 μg/ml concentration with 95.36%, 94.08%, and 91.96%, respectively. The morphological and tissue changes witnessed in larvicidal and insecticidal activities against Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Tribolium castaneum revealed the efficient nature of ZnO nanoparticles in 100 ppm at 48 h and 100 μg/kg at 72 h, respectively. The morphological changes in antibacterial activity demonstrated the bactericidal nature of ZnO nanoparticles against Salmonella typhi and Staphylococcus aureus in 150 μg/ml concentration. The morphological observations in anticancer activity against HepG2 liver cancer cells showed the potent drug features of ZnO nanoparticles in 100 μg/ml concentration with 97.18% of cytotoxicity. The ZnO nanoparticles showed no toxicity against HDF normal cells in lower concentrations and it explicated the biocompatible features of nanoparticles. The Vigna radiata plant growth was efficiently promoted by low (60 ppm) concentration of nanoparticles. The ZnO nanoparticles divulged effective degradation of IPA, EDTA, BQ, and DPBF in 75%, 45%, 55%, and 80% through ROS formation, respectively. Thus, the synthesized ZnO nanoparticles are biocompatible and inexpensive material compared to the traditional one and can be utilized as an efficient material in biological fields. Research Highlights Efficient larvicidal and insecticidal activities were evinced at low IC50 value. The ZnO nanoparticles were non‐toxic to HDP (fibroblast) normal cells. Efficient plant growth was attained at 60 ppm concentration.

Biogenic synthesis, characterization, and in vitro biological investigation of silver oxide nanoparticles (AgONPs) using Rhynchosia capitata

“…Table 2 provides a summary of these characteristic bands and their respective assignments, aiding in the interpretation and understanding of the FT-IR spectra results for AgONPs. These results are in line with the earlier findings reported by 21 , 31 , 32 , 34 , 37 . Overall, the FT-IR analysis offered valuable insights into the molecular structure and involvement of functional groups in the synthesis and stabilization of AgONPs, contributing to the comprehensive characterization of these nanoparticles.…”

“…3 B). The findings of earlier studies using plant extract-mediated AgONPs are consistent with our present work using R. capitata -mediated AgONPs 31 , 34 , 37 .…”

“…At 674.76 cm −1 , bands corresponding to C–Cl stretching (a halo compound), C=C bending (alkenes), and C–Br stretching (another halo compound) were identified. Additionally, the bands at 1164.72 cm −1 indicated the stretching of C–O bonds, while the bands at 954.85 cm −1 represented C-H bending vibrations 37 . Furthermore, the bands at 1221.51 cm −1 indicated the stretching vibrations of C–O in alkyl and aryl ether functional groups.…”

“…Due to high phytochemical adsorption on the surface of the produced NPs, the AgONPs exhibited a negative charge zeta potential 38 . They also made the particles more stable and prevented them from clumping 37 . The polydispersity index (PDI) was 0.428, as shown in Fig.…”