Effect of Grass, Legume, and Tree Roots on Soil Shearing Resistance

Abstract

Plants enhance soil stability against downslope mass movement through the removal of soil water by transpiration and by the mechanical reinforcement of their roots. To assess the magnitude of this reinforcement, direct shear measurements were made on 0.25‐m diam cylindrical soil columns packed both homogeneously and in layers which simulated water and/or root‐impeding horizons. In all cases the matric potential was adjusted to zero before shearing. Twelve plant species were used including seven grasses: Phalaris tuberosa, Lolium rigidium, Dactylis glomerata, Bromus mollis, Sorgum bicolor sudanense, Triticum oestivum, Hordeum vulgare. Two legumes were used: Vicia dascarpa, Medicago sativa. and two trees were used: Pinus ponderosa and Quercus agrifolia.The ratio of the shear resistance at 25‐mm displacement of the rooted and unrooted specimens was used as a measure of root reinforcement. Roots of several grasses planted in early fall and sheared the following spring gave about a threefold increase in shear resistance at the 0.3‐m depth in homogeneous saturated clay loam. In the same material, roots of oak produced a similar increase only after 3 years' growth. One‐year‐old alfalfa produced a fourfold increase. At the 0.45‐m depth at the interface between soil and a dense gravel‐sand mixture simulating weathered rock, yellow pine gave a 1.5‐fold increase after 16 months and a 2.5‐fold increase after 52 months. Hardinggrass was almost equally effective after only 7 months.In almost all cases where roots increased soil shear resistance, the resistance continued to increase beyond 25‐mm displacement so that the selection of 25‐mm displacement was conservative, i.e., it may underestimate the root reinforcing effect.Factor of safety calculations for shallow planar slides using measured shear strengths show that plant roots can make large increases in slope stability.

Spatio-Temporal Dynamic Architecture of Living Brush Mattress: Root System and Soil Shear Strength in Riverbanks

“…This effect caused the soil shear strength provided by the 1-year-old LBS root system in the 0-0.1 m depth layer to be less than that of other units. The significant linear relationship between the shear strength enhancement by roots in the diameter class from 0 to 5 mm and the number of roots or the root cross-sectional area was similar to that reported in earlier studies [43,52]. These results demonstrate that fine roots mainly increase soil shear strength, while thicker roots anchor the soil in the vertical direction [21,44].…”

Root tensile strength and root distribution of typical Mediterranean plant species and their contribution to soil shear strength

“…The model used to calculate additional cohesion (Eq. 6) also indicates that for a given root area, smaller root diameters will yield a larger root cohesion values than larger diameter roots (Waldron and Dakessian 1982) as smaller roots are stronger per unit area. van also report that fine root content is an important factor explaining root reinforcement of the topsoil.…”

Desirable plant root traits for protecting natural and engineered slopes against landslides

“…Thin and fine roots act in tension during failure on slopes and if they cross the slip surface, provide a major contribution to slope stability (Fig. 1, Waldron and Dakessian 1982). Root thickness is thus an important trait to consider, and is also an indicator of root longevity (thicker roots live longer), bending stiffness and the ability to penetrate soil (Clark et al 2008) as well as to store and transport water (Roumet et al 2006).…”